Microbiology (Biol 251): Exam 3 (Pt. 1)

Front 1

Identify the 4 types of bacterial relationships.

Back 1

Mutualism
Commensalism
-Satellitism
Parasitism

Front 2

mutualism

Back 2

both partners benefit from relationship

i.e. bacteria in human intestines; humans get vitamins from them

Front 3

commensalism

Back 3

only one partner benefits from relationship, but no harm is done to the other

i.e. bacteria living on our skin (normal flora) that get food from us

Front 4

satellitism

Back 4

a type of commensalism;

haemophilus influenzae uses factors from s. aureus to grow, but no harm is done to s. aureus

Front 5

parasitism

Back 5

a 'parasite' benefits at the expense of the 'host'

Medically, parasites are helminths (tapewords, roundworms, etc.).

Scientifically, parasites are anything foreign that enter the body (i.e. a pathogen) is a parasite.

Front 6

normal flora

Back 6

not-typically-disease-causing microorganisms normally found in and on healthy individual; also called microbiota

Front 7

Identify 3 ways that normal flora benefit human beings.

Back 7

Cover binding sites
Consume nutrients
Produce compounds toxic to other microorgs

Front 8

disease

Back 8

impairment of body function

Front 9

infection

Back 9

microorgs colonize your body

Front 10

symptoms

Back 10

effects of a disease FELT by a patient

i.e. anxiety, lower back pain, fatigue

Front 11

signs

Back 11

effects of a disease physically observed by a medical practitioner

i.e. rash, high blood sugar, bloody nose

Front 12

Identify the 2 types of pathogens.
Define them.

Back 12

primary pathogen - microorgs that cause disease in healthy people

opportunistic pathogen - microorgs that can only cause disease when the immune system is already compromised
i.e. dieases people catch while at the hospital

Front 13

virulence

Back 13

extreme harmfulness (as the capacity of a microorganism to cause disease); the higher, the more dangerous

Front 14

systemic

Back 14

affecting the entire body; spread throughout the body

Front 15

-emia

Back 15

in the blood

Front 16

toxemia

Back 16

toxins in the blood

Front 17

viremia

Back 17

viruses in the blood

Front 18

septicemia

Back 18

pathogens in the blood causing acute, life-threatening illness

Front 19

Identify the 3 types of disease in regards to development.

Define each and give an example.

Back 19

acute - develops rapidly but is soon over (i.e. food poisoning)

chronic - develops slowly and is not soon over (i.e. TB)

latent - sign-less or symptom-less for a long while before signs and symptoms appear; stays in the body forever and lies dormant (i.e. AIDS, chickenpox)

Front 20

Robert Koch

Back 20

proved that a microorg could cause disease given that a set of rules were satisfied; 1800s

Front 21

What of these test the gene? Test the microorg?

Koch's postulates
Molecular postulates

Back 21

Koch's postulates tests the microorg.

Molecular postulates tests the gene.

Front 22

Robert Koch

Back 22

proved that a microorg could cause disease given that a set of rules were satisfied; 1800s

Front 23

What of these test the gene? Test the microorg?

Koch's postulates
Molecular postulates

Back 23

Koch's postulates tests the gene.

Koch's postulates tests the microorg.

Front 24

List Koch's postulates. (4)

Back 24

1. Microorg must be present in every case of the disease.

2. Grow microorg in pure culture from the diseased host.

3. Inject healthy host (i.e. animal) w/ pure culture & host has to get disease.

4. Isolate microorg from injected host.

Front 25

List the molecular postulates. (5)

Back 25

1. Gene or gene product must be present in every case of the disease.

2. Turn gene on, you get disease. (Gene must go through translation & transcription.)

3. Turn gene off, you do NOT get disease.

4. Gene must be expressed during the course of disease.

5. Ab/immune cells specific for gene product should be produced by & protect the host

Front 26

What specific Ab are used to fight microorgs? Why?

Back 26

We use IgA Ab because they recognize and cover up adhesins on the microorgs pili.

Front 27

What must a microorg do in order to infect you?

Back 27

Attach/bind to your cells

Front 28

adhesins

Back 28

bacterial proteins that promote adherence to host-cell membranes

Front 29

If a microorg makes MORE pili (w/ adhesins on them), what is the body's immune response?

Back 29

Send more IgA Ab to cover them up.

Front 30

IgA protease

Back 30

enzyme that is produced by some microorgs that can cut up IgA antibody

Front 31

complement proteins

Back 31

detects foreign objects (i.e. microorgs) and initiates their destruction

Front 32

What happens when a complement protein runs into a bacteria and binds?

Back 32

Signal is sent out for more complementary proteins to come

Front 33

What happens when a complement protein runs into a human cell and binds?

Back 33

Regulatory proteins tell complementary proteins to not destroy human cell

Front 34

What is the function of sialic acid in bacteria?

Back 34

It makes the human immune system think that the bacteria is a human cell and they bypass complementary proteins

Front 35

Identify the 3 ways microorgs can avoid Ab.

Back 35

IgA protease
Antigenic variation
Mimic host cell

Front 36

antigenic variation

Back 36

microorgs change the adhesive proteins on their outer surface

Front 37

phagocytosis

Back 37

the engulfing of debris or pathogens

Front 38

List the 5 steps of phagocytosis.

Back 38

1. Find pathogens (or foreign matter) via chemotaxis released by body
2. Adhesion - recognize & bind
3. Ingestion of pathogen
4. Killing (aka digestion)
5. Elimination (exocytosis)

Front 39

chemotaxis

Back 39

chemical signals released from cells present at the site of infection/wound; uses C5A to attract phagocytic cells to site of damage

Note: Some microorgs can interfere with chemotaxis.

Front 40

C5a peptidase (in microorgs)

Back 40

destroys C5a

Front 41

cytolytic toxins (in microorgs)

Back 41

punches holes in the membranes of macrophages

Front 42

C5a

Back 42

component used in chemotaxis to attract phagocytic cells to site of damage

Front 43

What complement protein is used in adherence (phagocytosis)?
What is its function?

Back 43

C3b - used for recognizing and binding

Front 44

opsonization

Back 44

the process by which a pathogen is marked for ingestion and destruction by a phagocyte

Front 45

List 3 ways a microorg can prevent opsonization.

Back 45

1. Microorgs w/ capsules can destroy C3b.

2. Microorgs that bind to regulatory proteins turn C3b off.

3. Fe receptors that bind prevent Ab from working

Front 46

How else can a microorg survive once it is past adherence (phagocytosis)? (2)

Back 46

1. Punch holes in phagosome

2. Prevent fusion of phagosome & lysosome

Front 47

exotoxins

Back 47

primarily proteins that are released/produced by living bacteria

Front 48

List the 3 types of exotoxins.

Back 48

A.B. Toxins
Membrane-damaging toxins
Superantigens

Front 49

AB toxins

Back 49

interfere with host's cell function; A = active; B = binding

Front 50

membrane-damaging toxins

Back 50

damages the host's cell membrane; i.e. phospholipase destroys the phospholipids in the bacterial membrane

Front 51

superantigen toxins

Back 51

bind directly to the outside of MHC-II molecules and results in the activation of a large number of T4-cells; too much of an immune response

Front 52

What is the body's defense against exotoxins?

Back 52

production of antitoxin antibodies

Front 53

phospholipase

Back 53

destroys the phospholipids in the bacterial membrane

Front 54

antigen MHC complex

Back 54

foreign body that is 'chewed up' and displayed to the immune system; activates T-cells

Front 55

endotoxin

Back 55

the lipopolysccharide (lipid) component of gram (-) bacteria

Front 56

lipopolysccharide

Back 56

dangerous cell wall component of gram (-) bacteria

Front 57

Which is more toxic: exotoxin or endotoxin?

Back 57

Exotoxin

Front 58

Which is made of proteins: exotoxin or endotoxin?

Back 58

Exotoxin

Front 59

Which is made of lipids: exotoxin or endotoxin?

Back 59

Endotoxin

Front 60

Which is less stable and can be destroyed by heat: exotoxin or endotoxin? Why?

Back 60

Exotoxin because it is a protein

Front 61

Identify the function of interferons.

Back 61

It signals cells to stop protein production when viral invasion is detected. If no proteins are produced, virus cannot replicate.

Front 62

If the immune system realizes that no interferons are released when a virus is detected, what is their next step?

Back 62

Release natural killer (NK) cells

Front 63

keratinase

Back 63

destroys keratin, which is located in the human skin

Front 64

What eukaryotic pathogen have keratinase?

Back 64

Fungi

Front 65

Identify the eukaryotic pathogen that causes thrush and yeast infections.

Back 65

Yeast

Front 66

communicable disease

Back 66

passed from one host to another (particularly when all individuals involved are of the same species)

Front 67

non-communicable disease

Back 67

not passed from one host to another; individual must go to the disease

Front 68

reservoirs

Back 68

where disease lives, i.e. skin, mouth, pet, environment

Front 69

transmission

Back 69

how disease (microorg) gets into the host, i.e. cough, feces, shedding skin cells, drinking water

Front 70

What causes Spelunker's disease or "Cave Disease"?

Back 70

Disease caused by breathing in the Histoplasma capsulatum fungus; it exists in bird/bat droppings in caves

Front 71

Is Spelunker's disease communicable or non-communicable?

Back 71

It is non-communicable b/c you have to go to it. You cannot get it from another human.

Front 72

morbidity rate

Back 72

# ill per unit of time/total population

Front 73

mortality rate

Back 73

# die per unit of time/total population

Front 74

incidence

Back 74

# new cases per unit of time/100,000; your chance of getting disease

Front 75

prevalence

Back 75

# of total cases, both old & new; duration of disease in population; how long you will have disease

Front 76

endemic

Back 76

disease always present, i.e. cold, flu

Front 77

epidemic

Back 77

unusually large # of cases

Front 78

pandemic

Back 78

unusually large # of cases (epidemic) that spread worldwide

Front 79

How do we control wild animals that are acting as reservoirs for disease?

How do we control humans that are acting as reservoirs for disease?

Back 79

Wild animals - Kill or quarantine

Humans - Quarantine

Front 80

Is it easier to control symptomatic or asymptomatic diseases?

Back 80

Symptomatic

Front 81

In gonorrhea, men _____ symptoms and women _____ symptoms.

(have / do not have)

Back 81

Men have symptoms.
Women do not have symptoms.

Front 82

botulism

Back 82

rare form of food poisoning caused by Clostridium
botulinum bacteria; results in dizziness, vomiting, paralysis, death (from respiratory paralysis)

Front 83

cryptosporidium parvum

Back 83

protozoa residing in the intestines; results in diarrhea lasting 2 weeks; transmission is from contaminated water

Front 84

Why won't water filter treatments work against cryptosporidium parvum?

Back 84

Cryptosporidium parvum is so small that it pass through the filters.

You have to boil it to get rid of it.

Front 85

List the 3 vectors of disease and what they transmit.

Back 85

Fleas - Yersinia pestis from rats to humans

Mosquitos - Plasmodium vivax (protozoa) causes malaria

Flies - Transmit pathogens via landing on feces, then on food

Front 86

nosocomial infection

Back 86

infection you get when you are at the hospital

Front 87

List the 3 factors for nosocomial infections.

Back 87

Transmission
Weakened immune system
Presence of microorgs in hospital environment

Front 88

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Back 88

a bacteria very resistant to antibiotics that grows on sinks, toilets, respirators, AC systems; causes pneumonia

Front 89

epidemiology

Back 89

branch of medicine dealting w/ the incidence and prevalence of disease in large populations; also, w/ detection of source & cause of epidemics

Front 90

pathology

Back 90

study of the origin, nature, and course of diseases

Front 91

What type of cells produce mucous?

Back 91

Vertical cells

Front 92

List the 2 human membranes used for protection.

Back 92

Skin and mucous

Front 93

innate immunity

Back 93

immunity one is born with and is the initial response by the body to eliminate microbes and prevent infection

Front 94

adaptive immunity

Back 94

immunity that develops through life; antigen-specific defense mechanisms that take days to become protective and are designed to react with and remove a specific antigen

Front 95

keratin

Back 95

water repellent protein that holds dead skin cells together on skin

Front 96

Bacteria try to get in our bodies via __________ because it is easier to penetrate.

Back 96

mucous membranes

Front 97

Why are mucous membranes easier to penetrate than skin?

Back 97

Mucous membranes are moist.

Front 98

Identify the function of antimicrobial substances of humans.

Back 98

Aid humans in defeating diseases caused by microorgs

Front 99

List the antimicrobial substances that humans have. (5)

Back 99

Lysozyme
Peroxidase
Lactoferrin & Transferrin
Defensins

Front 100

lysozyme

Back 100

enzyme that degrades the peptidoglycan layer of bacteria; found in tears, saliva, mucous, phagocytes, & blood

Front 101

peroxidase

Back 101

enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide to hypochlorite (main ingredient in bleach); found in saliva, mother's milk, & phagocytes

Front 102

lactoferrin & transferrin

Back 102

iron-binding proteins; found in saliva, mucous, mother's milk, & blood
-no bacteria can use it to activate

Front 103

defensins

Back 103

short peptides that form pores in bacterial membranes, thus killing bacteria; found in mucous & phagocytes

Front 104

What do some bacteria have to counteract the effect of peroxidase?

Back 104

Catalase

Front 105

catalase

Back 105

breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

Front 106

List the 3 types of granulocytes.

Back 106

Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

Front 107

neutrophils

Back 107

most abundant, acts as phagocytes to remove bacteria & damaged cells

Front 108

basophils

Back 108

involved in allergic reactions & inflammation; contains histamine

Front 109

eosinophils

Back 109

assists basophils in allergic reactions & inflammation; involved in removing parasitic worms

Front 110

List the 2 types of mononuclear phagocytes. Define each.

Back 110

macrophages - act as phagocytes

dendritic cells - highly branched cells gathering antigen information

Front 111

List the 3 types of lymphocytes. Define each.

[ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYS. ONLY]

Back 111

B-cells - makes Abs

T- cells - helps to activate B-cells and/or destroy bad cells

NK cell - destroy specially marked cells (i.e. infected host cells)