Microbiology: Anatomy Of The Prokaryotic Cells: Chapter 3

Front 1

Any of the SINGLE-celled or multicellular organisms whose cell CONTAINS a distinct, membrane-bound NUCLEUS

Back 1

Eukaryotic cell

Front 2

Any of the GROUP of organisms primarily characterized by the LACK of true NUCLEUS and other membrane-bound cell compartments

Back 2

Prokaryotic cell

Front 3

Prokaryote Characteristics (True or False?)

DNA is NOT enclosed within a membrane and is a circular chromosome

Back 3

TRUE

There is no nucleus

Front 4

Prokaryote Characteristics(True or False?)

DNA is associated with histones

Back 4

False

DNA is not associated w/ histones

Front 5

Prokaryote Characteristics
(True or False?)

Lack membrane bound organelles

Back 5

True

Front 6

Prokaryote Characteristics (True or False?)

Usually does not divide by binary fission

Back 6

False

It does divide by binary fission

Front 7

Proteins associated with DNA

Back 7

Histones

Front 8

What are the 6 shapes of a Prokaryotic cell?

Back 8

Coccus, rods, Coccobacilli, Vibrios, Sprilla and Sphirochetes

Front 9

Most common shape of a prokaryotic cell?

Back 9

Coccus or rods

Front 10

What is the name for the circular shape cell?

Back 10

Coccus

Front 11

What is the NAME of the rod shaped cell?

Back 11

bacillus

Front 12

What is the name for the tatertop shaped cell?

Back 12

coccobacillus

Front 13

What is the name for the curved rod?

Back 13

vibrio

Front 14

What is the name for the spiral rigid shaped cell?

Back 14

spirilla

Front 15

What is the name for the spiral flexible shaped cell?

Back 15

spirochetes

Front 16

What is the name used for bacteria that has variable shapes?

Back 16

PLEOmorphic

Front 17

Cells adhering to one another following division FORM a CHARACTERISTIC ARRANGEMENT that depends on the plane in which the bacteria divide (Differentiate between bacteria)

Back 17

Groupings of prokaryotic cells

Front 18

Typical cell arrangements include chains of varying _____, _______, or _________.

Hint: LCT

Back 18

chains of varying lengths, clusters or tetrads

Front 19

These groupings are best observed how?

Back 19

from a liquid culture.

Stains from colonies are less reliable.

Front 20

PAIRED (2) groupings of Prokaryotic cells

Back 20

Diplococci

Front 21

chain groupings of Prokaryotic cells

Back 21

Streptococci

Front 22

group of four Prokaryotic cells

Back 22

Tetrads

Front 23

grouping of EIGHT Prokaryotic cells

Back 23

Sarcinae

Front 24

A cluster of Prokaryotic cells

Back 24

Staphylococci

Front 25

Grouping and shapes:

Diplobacilli

Back 25

paired rods

Front 26

Grouping and shapes:

Streptobacilli

Back 26

chained rods

Front 27

Grouping and shapes:

Coccobacilli

Back 27

Oval

(If coccobacilli divides it does not group it separates)

Front 28

Shapes not necessarily groups:

Vibrio

Back 28

Curved rods

Front 29

Shapes not necessarily groups:

Spirillium

Back 29

Helic shape, rigid bodies

Front 30

Shapes not necessarily groupings:

Spirochetes

Back 30

Helical and flexible

Front 31

Glycocalyx: 2 types

Both are usually made of polysaccharide

Hint: CL & SL

Back 31

capsule and slime layer
.

Front 32

This glycocalyx is a distinct and GELatinous layer;

Back 32

capsule

Front 33

This glycocalyx is DIFFUSE and IRREGULAR

Hint: Glycoclyx composed of only 2 layers

Back 33

slime layer

Front 34

What is the purpose of the capsules and slime layers?

Back 34

Capsules and slime layers enable bacteria to ADHERE TO SURFACES.

Some capsules allow disease-causing microorganisms to AVOID THE INNATE defense system

Front 35

a LONG filamentous APPENDAGE that PROPELS bacteria

Back 35

flagellum

Front 36

What is the prokaryotic flagellum composed of?

Hint: FHB

Back 36

Composed of a filament, a hook, and a basal body

Front 37

LONG outermost region; made of protein flagellin

Back 37

Filament

Front 38

ANCHORS flagellum to the cell wall and plasma membrane

Back 38

Basal body

Front 39

Does the prokaryotic flagellum have a Rotation or whiplike motion?

Back 39

Rotation

Front 40

moves in ONE DIRECTION for a length of time

Back 40

Run

Front 41

ABRUPT, RANDOM change in direction

Back 41

Tumble

Front 42

ROTATES the flagellum

Back 42

Hook

Front 43

MORE than one flagellum

Back 43

Flagella

Front 44

ONE thread, a SINGLE polar flagellum

Back 44

Monotrichous

Front 45

BOTH, a tuft of flagella at EACH END

Back 45

Amphitrichous

Front 46

AROUND, distributed over ENTIRE surface

Back 46

peritrichous

Front 47

the directed movement toward an attractant or away from a repellant;

Back 47

Chemotaxis

Front 48

Bacteria do this by ADJUSTING the FREQUENCIES of their _____ and ________.

Back 48

runs and tumbles

Front 49

Tuft, 2 or MORE flagella at ONE POLE

Back 49

Lophotrichous

Front 50

BUNDLES of fibrils that arise at the ENDS of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell

Back 50

Axial Filaments

Spirochetes
Example: Treponema

Front 51

Shorter, straighter, and thinner than flagella

Many of these types enable attachment of cells to specific surfaces

Back 51

Fimbriae and pili

Front 52

What is the role of fimbriae and pili?

Back 52

Play a role in specific types of motility, twitching and gliding, which both occur on solid surfaces.

Front 53

These pili are involved in conjugation, which enables DNA to be transferred from one cell to another

Back 53

Sex pili

Front 54

PREVENTS cells from RUPTURING under increased water pressure.

Site of action for some antibiotics

Back 54

Cell wall of the prokaryotic cell

Front 55

Rigid cell wall determines ______ even if broken open.

Back 55

shape

Front 56

A MACROMOLECULE FOUND ONLY in the bacteria and provides rigidity to the cell wall

Back 56

Peptidoglycan

Front 57

composed of GLYCAN STRANDS, which are alternating subunits of N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM) and N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)

Back 57

Peptidoglycan

Front 58

Attached to each NAM molecule is a string of ?

Hint: 4AA (this chain)

Back 58

four amino acids, a tetrapeptide chain

Front 59

What about Archaea?

Back 59

Lacks peptidoglycan

Front 60

True or False?

You will only find peptidoglycan in Bacteria?

Back 60

TRUE

Front 61

contains a relatively THICK layer of peptidoglycan.

Back 61

Gram-positive cell wall

Front 62

stick out of the peptidoglycan molecule.

Back 62

Teichoic acids and lipoteichoic acids

Front 63

A relatively THIN LAYER of peptidoglycan sandwiched between the plasma membrane and an outer membrane

outside this layer is an asymmetrical bilayer membrane

Back 63

Gram-Negative Cell Wall

Front 64

contains a variety of PROTEINS including those involved in NUTRIENT DEGENERATION and TRANSPORT

found in the Gram (-) cell walls
PERIPLASM space contains the peptidoglycan and PERIPLSM - GEL between the membranes of the Gram (-) cells.

Back 64

Periplasm

Front 65

The OUTER membrane contains _________________.

Hint: LPS

Back 65

lipopolysaccharide

Front 66

form small CHANNELS that permit small molecules to pass through the outer membrane

found in Gram (-) cell walls

Back 66

Porins

Front 67

RELEASED upon cell destruction

found in Gram (-) cell walls

INNER leaflet of the outer membrane composed of PHOSPHOLIPIDS and proteins while the OUTER leaflet is made up of this?

Hint: LPS

Back 67

Lipophospholipids = endotoxin

Front 68

IMMUNE ACTIVATOR that causes fever and diarrhea; fight infections

Back 68

Lipid A (anchor)

Front 69

SIDE CHAIN (sticks out) as in E. coli O157:H7

Hint: O-SPS

Back 69

O-specific polysaccharide

Front 70

ANTIBACTERIAL compounds target _______________.

Hint: what does it try to break (bonds of what)?

Back 70

peptidoglycan

Front 71

BINDS to proteins involved in cell wall synthesis and, subsequently, PREVENTS the CROSS-LINKING of adjacent glycan chains

Back 71

Penicillin

Front 72

BREAKS the BOND that LINKS alternating NAG and NAM molecules, destroying the structural integrity of the glycan chain

Back 72

Lysozyme

Found in tears, saliva and mucous membrane

Front 73

Some bacteria lack a _______ (RCW).

Back 73

rigid cell wall

Front 74

Because species of ___________ DO NOT HAVE a RIGID CELL WALL, they are extremely variable in shape and are NOT AFFECTED by lysozyme or penicillin

Back 74

Mycoplasma

They have steroids and lipids.

Front 75

Have a GREATER variety of CELL WALL TYPES than do the Bacteria.

They live in more extreme environments.

Back 75

Archaea

Front 76

Is penicillin likely to work AGAINST Archaea?

Back 76

NO

Front 77

A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER embedded with a variety of proteins.

A BARRIER between CELL and ENVIRONMENT, allowing relatively few molecules to pass through freely.

Back 77

Cytoplasmic membrane

Front 78

Some cytoplasmic MEMBRANE proteins FUNCTION in ____________.

Back 78

transport

Front 79

Others provide a _________ by which cells can SENSE and ADJUST to their surroundings.

Back 79

mechanism

Front 80

Are the membrane lipids of the Archaea distinctly different from those of Bacteria?

Back 80

YES

Front 81

These CAN PASS THRU membrane with ease?

Back 81

H2O
Gases
small hydrophobic compounds

Front 82

The phospholipid layer is made up of head and fatty acid tails.

What is the head composed of and what is the tails composed of?

Back 82

Head - hydrophilic compounds - WATER LOVER

Tail - hydrophobic compounds - WATER HATER

Front 83

Cytoplasmic membrane is ___________ ___________; WATER, GASES, and SMALL HYDROPHOBIC molecules are among the few compounds that CAN PASS through by simple diffusion 

Back 83

selectively permeable

Front 84

INFLOW of water into cell EXERTS more ___________ ____________ on the cytoplasmic membrane than it can generally withstand; however, the rigid cell wall CAN WITHSTAND the PRESSURE

Back 84

osmotic pressure

Front 85

NET (overall) MOVEMENT of molecules or ions from an area of HIGH concentration to LOW concentration

Back 85

Simple diffusion

Front 86

MOVES impermeable COMPOUNDS FROM ONE SIDE of the membrane TO the OTHER by exploiting the concentration gradient

Back 86

Facilitated diffusion

Front 87

MOVEMENT of H2O in response to gradient

Back 87

Osmosis

Front 88

equal solute inside

Back 88

Isotonic

Front 89

solutes OUTSIDE the cell is GREATER than the inside

Back 89

Hypertonic

Front 90

solutes INSIDE the cell is GREATER than the outside

Back 90

hypotonic

Front 91

cell BURSTING

Back 91

Lysis

* occurs during hypotonic *

Front 92

water LEAVES the cell causing cell to SHRINK

Back 92

Plasmolysis

* occurs during hypertonic *

Front 93

Simple diffusion occurs thru the ________ ___________.

Hint: other name for cytoplasmic membrane

Back 93

Phospholipid bilayer

Front 94

Facilitated diffusion occurs THRU a NON SPECIFIC _________ __________.

Back 94

channel protein

Front 95

Facilitated diffusion thru a channel protein specific for one chemical, binding of subtrates cause what kind of change in channel proteins?

Back 95

Shape change

Front 96

AGAINST the concentration GRADIENT

REQUIRES ENERGY and specific protein

Back 96

Active transport

Front 97

a TRANSPORT PROCESS that chemically alters a molecule during its passage THRU the plasma membrane

Back 97

Group translocation

Front 98

The chromosome of prokaryotes resides in the ________ rather than within a membrane nucleus

Back 98

Nucleoid

Front 99

The typical CHRMOSOME is a SINGLE, CIRCULAR, DOUBLE STRANDED ______ __________ that contains all the genetic information required by a cell.

Back 99

DNA molecule

Front 100

Chromosomes are usually ____________.

Back 100

Supercoiled

Front 101

circular, double-stranded DNA molecules that typically ENCODE genetic information that may be advantageous, but not required by the cell.

Extrachromosomal

Back 101

Plasmids

Front 102

Populations of cells can _____ and ________ plasmids

Back 102

gain and lose

Front 103

serve as the structures that facilitate the joining of amino acids leading to PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Back 103

Ribosomes

Front 104

The _______ bacterial ribosome is composed of a 50S and a 30S subunit

Back 104

70S

Front 105

STORAGE granules are dense accumulations of high molecular weight polymers, which are synthesized from a nutrient that a cell has in relative excess.

Back 105

Inclusions

Front 106

GAS-permeable, water-impermeable rigid structures provide BUOYANCY to aquatic cells, enabling the cell to float or sink to an ideal position in the water column.

Back 106

Gas vacuoles

Front 107

inclusions of iron oxide; ALLOW DOWNWARD MOVEMENT

Back 107

Magnetosomes

Front 108

a DORMANT STAGE produced by sporulation

Back 108

Endospores

Front 109

Endospores are members of what genus?

Hint: B & C
(lab)

Back 109

Members of genera Bacillus and Clostridium

Front 110

Endospores are extraordinarily RESISTANT to CONDITIONS such as?

Back 110

heat, desiccation, toxic chemicals, and UV irradiation.

Front 111

Botulism, tetanus, gas gangrene and anthrax are diseases caused by __________-___________.

Back 111

endospore-formers

Front 112

Organelle whose function is PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Back 112

ribosomes

In all P&E

Front 113

Organelle whose general function is SHAPE in prokaryotes, SUPPORTS, cytoplasmic streaming and endocytosis in eukaryotes

Back 113

Cytoskeleton

In some Ps & all Es

Front 114

Organelle whose function acts in the ROLE in MITOSIS, CYTOKENESIS, flagella and cilia formation in animal cells

Back 114

centrioles

In (eukaryote) animals cells

Front 115

CONTROL CENTER of the cell

Back 115

nucleus

In E

Front 116

Organelle whose function is to TRANSPORT W/IN the cell; LIPID SYNTHESIS

Back 116

ER

endoplasmic reticulum

In E

Front 117

organelle whose general function is EXOCYTOSIS AND SECRETION

Back 117

Golgi bodies

In some Es

Front 118

Organelle whose general function is the BREAKDOWN OF NUTRIENTS

Back 118

Lysosomes

In some Es

Front 119

Organelle whose function is the NEUTRALIZATION OF TOXINS

Back 119

Peroxisomes

In some Es

Front 120

Organelle whose general function is STORAGE

Back 120

Vacuoles

In some Es

Front 121

organelle used as STORAGE, DIGESTION & TRANSPORT

Back 121

vesicles

In All Es

Front 122

Organelles whose general function is Aerobic ATP reproduction

Back 122

Mitochondria

In most Es

Front 123

Organelle whose general function is Photosynthesis

Back 123

Chloroplasts

Present in plants and algae

Front 124

Prokaryote cells only have ribosomes and cytoskeleton?

True or False

Back 124

True

It lacks everything else.

Front 125

CONTAINS H2O, NUTRIENTS, and SUBTANCES SECRETED by the Gram (-) cell wall such as digestive enzymes and proteins involved in specific transport.

Back 125

Periplasm

Front 126

Have (-) ELECTRICAL CHARGES which give the surface of the Gram (+) cell a (-) charge and may play a role in the passage of ions through the wall.

Back 126

Teichoic acids

Front 127

In Gram (+) cells walls, some TEITECHOIC ACIDS are covalently LINKED TO LIPIDS, forming this that ANCHORthe petidoglycan to the cell membrane.

Back 127

Lipoteichoic acids

Front 128

sites of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS.

Back 128

ribosomes

Front 129

involves PHYSICAL MANIPULATION of the cytoplasmic membrane around the cytoskeleton.

occus when the membrane distends to FORM PSEUDOPODIA (false feet) that surround a substance bringing it INTO the cell

Back 129

Endocytosis

Front 130

REVERSE of endocytosis in that it enables substances to be EXPORTED (dumped) from the cell

Back 130

Excoytosis

Front 131

spherical to elongated structures found in most EUKARYOTIC cells.

two membranes COMPOSED of a phospholipid BILAYER.

POWERHOUSE of the cell: APT production

Back 131

Mitochondria

Front 132

two phospholipid BILAYER and DNA

SEMIAUTONOMOUS - they divide independently of the cell but remain dependent of the cell for most of their protein\s.

Back 132

chloroplasts

Front 133

THEORY suggests that eukaryotes FORMED from the UNION of small aerobic prokaryotes with larger anaerobic prokaryotes

Back 133

endosymbiotic theory

Front 134

Cell walls of bacteria are composed of a large interconnected molecule of __________. (BILAYER)

Back 134

Peptidoglycan

Front 135

Peptidoglycan is composed of alternating sugar molecules called __________________ & __________________.

Hint: 3 initials in each

Back 135

NAG & NAM

Front 136

a cell may ALLOW a large or charged chemical TO MOVE ACROSS the cytoplasmic membrane, down the chemical's electrical and chemical gradients in a process called ___________.

Hint: FD

Back 136

facilitated diffusion

Front 137

a "9+2" arrangement of microtubules is seen in _____________.

Hint: EF

Back 137

eukaryotic flagella

Front 138

which of the following is NOT associated with prokaryotic organisms?

nucleoid
glycocalyx
cilia
circular DNA

Back 138

cilia

Front 139

the cell walls of BACTERIA are composed of PEPTIDOGLYCAN?

True or False

Back 139

TRUE

Front 140

the function of the GLYCOCALYX is that it forms pseudopodia for faster mobility of an organism?

True or false

Back 140

FALSE

Its function is to anchor animal cells to each other, strengthening the cell surface or protection from dehydration.

Front 141

Bacterial flagella is ANCHORED to the cell by a BASAL BODY?

True or false

Back 141

TRUE

Front 142

The CELL WALL is important in CLASSIFYING a bacterial species as Gram (+) or (-)?

true or false

Back 142

true

Front 143

DORMANT resistant cells

Back 143

endospores