Microbiology

Front 1

What kind of Bacteria act as "Insurance" Policies

Back 1

Persisters

Front 2

By Sleeping Some bacteria

Back 2

are unaffected by antibiotics

Front 3

The Process of a virus Jumping from Animal to Human

Back 3

Zoonoses

Front 4

Bats Carry what pathogens

Back 4

Ebola, Rabies and Marburg

Front 5

Body temp of Bats

Back 5

40 degrees Celcius

Front 6

Body Temp of Humans

Back 6

37 Degrees Celcius

Front 7

Bats produce

Back 7

ALOT OF Reactive Oxygen Species

Front 8

Microbiology was founded by

Back 8

Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek

Front 9

First name for Microbes

Back 9

Animalcules

Front 10

Another Founder of Microbiology

Back 10

Robert Hooke

Front 11

Most Often Microorganism are associated with

Back 11

Disease but most are not harmful

Front 12

Bacteria Out number cells

Back 12

10 to1

Front 13

Good Bacteria

Back 13

Natural Digestive Flora

Front 14

4 reasons why Microbiology is Important

Back 14

Food Production (bread, Beer)

Biodegradation (Organic Pollutants)

Commercial Applications(Antibiotics)

Biotechnology(Insulin)

Front 15

This disease kills more americans than many wars combined

Back 15

Influenza

Front 16

This disease Killed over 10 million people,wiped out the Aztecs

Back 16

Small Pox

Front 17

This disease killed 1/3 the population of Europe (25 Million)

Back 17

Plague

Front 18

What Infections did the first 5 AIDS patients have

Back 18

Pneumocystis Carinii pneumonia

Front 19

Name 4 Emerging Diseases

Back 19

Lyme Disease

West Nile Encephalitis

Hantavirus

Mad Cow (Creutzfeld-Jakob)

Front 20

Re-Emerging Diseases due to Non Vaccinations

Back 20

Measles,Mumps, Rubella,

Front 21

Drug resistant strains of a pathogen

Back 21

Malaria, Tuberculosis, Neisseria

Front 22

Bacteria Outnumber Mammalian Species

Back 22

by 10,000

Front 23

% of all microbial species which can be grown and studied in laboratory

Back 23

Less than 1%

Front 24

1st Domain of Living Organisms

Back 24

Bacteria

Front 25

2nd Domain of Living Organisms

Back 25

Archea

Front 26

3rd Domain of Living organisms

Back 26

Eukarya

Front 27

Bacteria are

Back 27

Single Celled Prokaryotes

Front 28

Prokaryote =

Back 28

Pre-Nucleus

Front 29

Are Any Bacterial Organelles In a membrane

Back 29

NO

Front 30

Bacterial DNA is in

Back 30

A Nucleoid

Front 31

Bacteria have 3 shapes

Back 31

Rod: Cylindrical

Spherical:Coccus

Spiral: Spirillium

Front 32

What Kind of Cell Walls do Bacteria have

Back 32

Rigid walls with Peptidoglycan

Front 33

Bacteria Multiply Via

Back 33

Binary Fission

Front 34

Archaea in terms of Nucleus

Back 34

Prokaryotic

Front 35

Archaea Shapes are

Back 35

Similar to bacteria

Front 36

Archaea divide via

Back 36

Binary fission

Front 37

Archaea Cell walls

Back 37

Lack Peptidoglycan

Front 38

Genetically Archaea Differ from Bacteria in that Archea

Back 38

Ribosomal RNA Sequences differ

Front 39

Extremophiles can live in

Back 39

High Salt Concentrations (Mono Lake)

High Temperature

Front 40

Eukarya means

Back 40

True Nucleus

Front 41

Eukarya are more/less complex than prokaryotes

Back 41

More complex

Front 42

Microbial Members Include

Back 42

Fungi, algae, protozoa

Front 43

Protist include

Back 43

Algae and Protozoa

Front 44

Multicellular Parasites

Back 44

Helminths

Roundworms

Tapeworms

Front 45

Cellular composition of Algae

Back 45

Singled celled or Multicellular

Front 46

Algae produce energy via

Back 46

Photosynthesis

Front 47

Algae have

Back 47

Flagella and cell walls

Front 48

Algae flagella

Back 48

are distinct from those of prokaryotes

Front 49

Big time Algae Entrepreneur

Back 49

Craig Venter for Biofuels

Front 50

Cellular composition of Fungi

Back 50

Single celled (yeast) and Multicellular(molds/Mushrooms)

Front 51

Fungi get energy from

Back 51

Degradation of organic materials

Front 52

Something you would not expect from Fungi

Back 52

They have a circadian rhythm. Nights might provide better winds for spore release

Front 53

NeuroToxic Fungus

Back 53

Stachybotrus

Front 54

Cellular Composition of Protozoa

Back 54

Single Celled

Front 55

Brain eating Amoeba is

Back 55

A Protozoa Called Naegleria Fowler

Front 56

Protozoa get their energy from

Back 56

Ingesting organic compounds

Front 57

Non-living members of Microbial word

Back 57

Viruses

Viroids

Prions

Front 58

Cellular composition Viruses, Viroids, Prions

Back 58

Acellular, not alive,

Front 59

Viruses nucleic acids are

Back 59

Nucleic Acids packaged in protein coat

Front 60

Viruses are known as

Back 60

Obligate intracellular parasites

Front 61

Viroids

Back 61

Simpler than viruses and consist of a single short piece of RNA with no protective protein coat

Front 62

Viroids Usually infect

Back 62

Plants with no evidence of human infection

Front 63

Prion are defined as

Back 63

Infectious Protein

Mad Cow

Front 64

Prions can be described as

Back 64

A misfolded version of protein found in the brain

Front 65

Prions work via

Back 65

Abnormal proteins binding to form fibrils which makes cells unable to function

Front 66

Prions are resistant to

Back 66

Standard sterilization procedures

Front 67

7 kinds of Light Microscopy

Back 67

Bright Field

Dark Field

Phase Contrast

Differential Interference Contrast

Fluorescence

Scanning Laser Microscope(SLM)

Confocal Microscopy

Front 68

Light microscope can magnify

Back 68

1000x

Front 69

Electron Microscopy can Magnify

Back 69

1,000,000X

Front 70

Atomic Force Microscope (AFM)

Back 70

produces images of individual atoms on a surface

Front 71

2 kinds of Electron Microscopy

Back 71

TEM (Transition e' Microscope0

SEM (Scan e' Microscope)

Front 72

3 Principle of Microscopy

Back 72

Resolution, Magnification and Contrast

Front 73

Resolution

Back 73

Ability to distinguish between 2 objects that are very close together.

Front 74

Resolution depends on

Back 74

Quality and type of lens

wavelength of light

Specimen preparation

Front 75

Magnification

Back 75

Apparent increase in size

Front 76

Contrast

Back 76

Determines how easily cells can be seen,

increased by staining

Front 77

In Bright Field, light

Back 77

illuminates the entire field evenly

Front 78

In Dark Field, light

Back 78

is directed towards the cell at an angle,

this adds contrast to image

Unstained cells are easier to see

Background is darker than bright field

Front 79

Phase Contrast

Back 79

Increases contrast by amplifying difference in refractive index

Dense material appears darker

Front 80

Differential Interference Contrast (DIC)

Back 80

Two light beams pass through the specimen and then recombine, giving object a 3D feel

JUST THE OUTSIDE OF CELL

Front 81

Fluorescence Microscopy

Back 81

Project Specific Wavelength of light onto specimen

Fluorescent labeled areas release light in response

Cells can be naturally fluorescent, have fluorescent proteins or be stained with dyes

Front 82

Fluorescent bacteria in North Carolina

Back 82

BasidioMycetes

Front 83

Scanning Laser Microscope (SLM)

Back 83

Using Fluorescence you scan see inside and outside

SAME PART OF FOCAL PLANE Like MRI

Can be Alive

Front 84

Confocal Microscopy

Back 84

Expensive, Fluorescent 3D image

Images are fine slices of of specimen using lasers and mirrors

Front 85

Electron Microscopy needed for

Back 85

Viruses

Front 86

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) works by

Back 86

Transmitting electrons through the specimen producing differences in density inside the specimen and cell wall

Specimen is dead in a vacuum

Front 87

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) works by

Back 87

scattering electrons over surface which has been coated with a thin film of metal

Front 88

Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)

Back 88

Sharp probe moves across cells surface

Computer Image so good you can see organelles

No special prep

better resolution that EM

Front 89

What kind of charge do Basic Dyes have

Back 89

Positive so it is attracted to negatively charged cell components

Front 90

What Kind of charge do Acidic Dyes have

Back 90

Negative

Front 91

Basic Dyes

Back 91

Stain the cell itself

DRY MOUNT (DEAD CELLS)

most often used

Front 92

Acidic Dyes

Back 92

Stain to the background adds contrast

Negative staining: cells repel which is why the background is stained

WET MOUNT (LIVE CELLS)

Front 93

Step 1 of Gram Staining Process

Back 93

Crystal Violet: Everything is stained

Front 94

Step 2 of Gram Staining Process

Back 94

Iodine (Mordant) Kills everything

Front 95

Step 3 of Gram Staining Process

Back 95

Alcohol Decolorizer:

Gram (+) stay Purple

Gram (-) are white

Front 96

Step 4 of Gram Staining Process

Back 96

Safranin: decolorized Gram (-) is now pink =)

Front 97

Differential stains Detect

Back 97

Tuberculosis or Leprosy which have high concentrations of Mycolic ACID

Front 98

2 kinds Differential Stains

Back 98

ACID FAST STAINS (Tb and leprosy)

CAPSULE STAINS

Front 99

Capsule stains used when

Back 99

Microbes are surrounded by gel-like layer

Negative stain used with india ink

Front 100

Fluorescent Dyes and Tags

Back 100

Can use antibodies or chemicals,

can distinguish between live and dead cells

Front 101

Coccus

Back 101

Spherical

Front 102

Rod

Back 102

Cylindrical

Front 103

Vibrio

Back 103

Short Curved Rod

Front 104

Spirillum

Back 104

Long Spiral

Front 105

Spirochete

Back 105

Long helical

Front 106

Pleomorphic

Back 106

many Shapes

Front 107

When cells divide in 1 plane its called

Back 107

a chain

Front 108

When cells divide in 2 or more planes perpendicular to one another its called

Back 108

a packet

Front 109

When cell divides in several planes at random its called

Back 109

a cluster

Front 110

Chains, packets, clusters come together and form

Back 110

Biofilms

Front 111

Prokaryotic cell from the inside out

Back 111

Nucleoid

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasmic Membrane

Cell wall

Capsule

Pilus extensions

Front 112

Chemically Alter a compound to bring it across the membrane

Back 112

Group Translocation

Front 113

Peptidoglycan is compose of

Back 113

Alternating units of NAG and NAM and tetra peptide chain

Together they are called a glycan chain

Front 114

Gram Negative Outer membrane is composed of

Back 114

Phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)

Front 115

LPS is an

Back 115

EndoToxin with Lipid A towards the membrane and O antigen away from the membrane

Front 116

Makes Gram Negative bacteria less sensitive to medications

Back 116

LPS?

Front 117

Region between The Cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane is called

Back 117

The periplasm

Front 118

Periplasm Contains

Back 118

proteins involved in nutrient degradation and transport

Front 119

Penicillin Interferes with

Back 119

Peptidoglycan synthesis

Specifically preventing linkage of adjacent glycan chains

Front 120

Penicillin is more affective against

Back 120

Gram Positive than Gram negative because outer membrane of Gram negative blocks access

Front 121

Penicillin has no effect on

Back 121

Mycoplasma, bc they lack cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane has sterols to increase strength

Front 122

This Bacteria Mimics host cells surface

Back 122

Mycoplasma Pneumoniae

Front 123

In terms of structure and cell walls Archaea have

Back 123

A variety of cell walls

no Peptidoglycan but rather Pseudopeptidoglycan

MANY S LAYERS from sheets of flat proteins

Front 124

Capsule and slime layers occur

Back 124

Outside cell wall

Front 125

Describe the bacterial Capsule

Back 125

Thick and gelatinous

Front 126

Slime layer is

Back 126

Diffuse and Irregular

Front 127

Capsule and slime layer together are called

Back 127

Glycocalyx

Front 128

The role or function of Glococalyx is

Back 128

Surface attachment, immune system avoidance and antibiotic resistance

Front 129

Peritrichous have flagella

Back 129

Over entire surface

Front 130

Polar Flagellum

Back 130

single flagellum at one end of cell

Front 131

Pili

Back 131

Allows cells to attach to surfaces and exchange DNA via horizontal transfer

Front 132

Food Proximity of Peritrichous

Back 132

The Closer you are = more runs

The further you are = more tumbles

Front 133

The names of Prokaryotic ribosomes

Back 133

70S made from 30s and 50S

Front 134

Eukaryotic Ribosomes are

Back 134

80S

Front 135

Antibiotics that affect________ do not affect_____

Back 135

70S 80S

Front 136

Controlled to provide Buoyancy

Back 136

Gas Vesicles

Front 137

Give 2 examples of Endospores

Back 137

Bacillus, Clostridium

Front 138

Endospores that survive

Back 138

•can germinate to become vegetative cell

Front 139

TB is incredible hard to treat because

Back 139

of the way it grows

Front 140

Formula for Bacterial Population

Back 140

Nt=N0 x 2^n

N0=Initial # of cells

Nt=# of cells at time t

n= the number of cell divisions

Front 141

Another name for a pure culture

Back 141

Isogenic Culture

Front 142

Another name form closed system

Back 142

Batch Culture

Front 143

Another Name for Open system

Back 143

Continuous Culture

Front 144

Open systems use

Back 144

Chemostats or Microchemostats aka microfluidic devices

Front 145

what kind of growth curve do closed system yield

Back 145

a characteristic growth curve

Front 146

During lag phase

Back 146

Bacteria are just getting used to environment.Begin synthesizing enzymes for growth

Front 147

Log Phase Growth

Back 147

They start growing as quickly aspossible.

Divide at constant rate

They are happiest here.

This is the phase we study the most

Front 148

Stationary phase

Back 148

they run out of food so they stop dividing awaiting more nutrients(food) or sporulate (go to sleep

Front 149

how much time between lag phase and stationary phase

Back 149

24 hours

Front 150

Death Phase

Back 150

decline in cell # bc theyare dying, not enough nutrients to keep metabolism going. they die at a contestant rate (exponentially) but slower than growth lol

Front 151

What phase do you try to keep them in , in open systems

Back 151

Log Phase

Front 152

During what phase are cultures most sensitive to antibiotics

Back 152

Log Phase

Front 153

Other than "growth" what is produced during the log phase

Back 153

Primary and secondary metabolites

Front 154

Why are Secondary metabolites produced

Back 154

nutrients are depleted and water accumulates

Front 155

During the phase of Prolonged decline

Back 155

Some may survive and adapt to these worse conditions

Front 156

Environmental factors affect cell growth

Back 156

•Temperature

•Oxygen availability

•pH of the environment

•Water availability

•Nutrient availability •

Front 157

MicroAerophile

Back 157

PrefersSmall Amounts of Oxyge

Front 158

FacultativeAneroboe

Back 158

Prefers Oxygen but it can grow inLow oxygen Environment

Front 159

ObligateAnerobe

Back 159

Can only grow without oxygen

Front 160

Aero-tolerant

Back 160

Tolerates Both Equally well

Front 161

Obligate aerobe

Back 161

Needs Oxygen

Front 162

In terms of pH most microbes are

Back 162

Neutrophiles

Front 163

Acidophiles growoptimally at pH

Back 163

below 5.5

Front 164

Alkaliphiles grow optimally at pH

Back 164

Above 8.5

Front 165

Halotolerant

Back 165

withstand up to 10% solutes

Front 166

Halophiles

Back 166

–require highsalt concentrations

Front 167

•Marine bacteria

•Extreme halophiles

Back 167

3% and greater than 9 % respectively

Front 168

what two elements are required for subunits

Back 168

Carbon and Nitrogen

Front 169

Key considerations for growth

Back 169

–Required elements–

Growth factors–

Energy sources

Front 170

Heterotrophs use

Back 170

Organic Carbon

Front 171

Autotrophs use

Back 171

inorganic carbon as CO2 (carbon fixation

Front 172

–Trace elements usually available

Back 172

cobalt,

zinc,

copper

molybdenum,

manganese

Front 173

these trace elements are often limiting

Back 173

iron and phosphorus

Front 174

Growth Factors

Back 174

Amino acids,

vitamins,

purines,

pyrimidines

Front 175

synthesizes all cellular components from glucose, has wide metabolic capabilities

Back 175

Escherichia Coli

Front 176

unable to synthesize many, requires numerous growth factors

Back 176

Neisseria

Front 177

Termed fastidious:

Back 177

•have complicated nutritional requirements

Front 178

Phototrophs

Back 178

obtain energy from sunlight

Front 179

Chemotrophs

Back 179

extract energy from chemicals

Front 180

Photoautotrophs

Back 180

–energy from sunlight; carbon from CO2

Front 181

Photoheterotrophs

Back 181

–energy from sunlight; carbon from organiccompounds

Front 182

Chemolithoautotrophs

Back 182

–energy from inorganic compounds; carbonfrom CO2

Front 183

Chemoorganoheterotrophs

Back 183

energy and carbon from organic compounds