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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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macromolecules are made of???
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enzymes+ATP+monomers
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three important electron carriers
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NAD+ => NADH
NADP+ => NADPH FAD => FADH2 |
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three ways cells phosphorylate ADP to ATP
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substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation
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types of enzymes! (6)
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Hydrolases: perform hydrolysis of polymers
Isomerases: rearrange atoms in a molecule Ligases or polymerases: join molexules Lyases: split molecules w/out adding water Oxidoreducatses: remove or add electrons Transferases: transfer functional groups |
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enzyme parts
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apoenzymes (protein part)+ cofactors (inorganic ions or organic molecules called coenzymes)= holoenzyme (active)
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3 types of inhibitors
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competitive inhibitors
noncompetitive inhibitors feedback (negative) inhibitors |
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noncompetitve inhibitors types
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allosteric inhibition: changes shape of enzyme by binding at allosteric site
allosteric activation: makes enzyme into the right shape by binding to the allosteric site |
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glycolosys ins and outs!
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net gain of 2 ATP molecules, 2 molecules of NADH, and 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
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lysis stage of glycolysis
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when fructose-1,6-bisphosphate is split into two three carbon pieces (DHAP and G3P)
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ins and outs of fermentation!
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1 NAD+ from NADH (pyruvic acid to lactic acid)
1 NAD+ from NADH and loss of CO2 (pyruvic acid to acetaldehyde to ethanol) |
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intermediate steps ins and outs!
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results in two molecules acetly CoA, two molecules CO2, two molecules NADH (from two molecules of pyruvic acid)
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where does krebs cycle occur?
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cytosol of prokaryotes and marix of mitchondria in eukarotes
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ins and outs of Krebs cycle
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actetyl-CoA (x2) and produces: one molecule GTP, one molecule FADH2, three molecules of NADH, two molecules CO2 (x2)
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where does electron transport occur?
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mitochondria cristae of eukaryotes and in cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes
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four categories of carrier molecules
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flavoproteins, ubiquinones, metal-containing (iron-sulfur) proteins, cytochromes
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Ins and outs of Electron Transport Chain!
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out: NAD+, FAD+, H2O, ultimately ATP through pump
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maintating electrochemical gradient by keeping one or more chemicals in higher concentration on one side?
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chemiosmosis- proton motive force made in ETC
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what type of phosphorylation occurs in ETC?
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oxidative phosphorylation
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how many molecules of ATP are formed from one molecule of flucose in most eukaryotic cells?
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36 (actual yield closer to 31)
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metabolic poisons (4)
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cyanide and azide binf Fe of cytochromes and prevent its reduction; carbon monoxide binds cytochrome oxidase and stops its function; antimycin A stops e- flow between cytochromes b and c
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uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation
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dinitropheno, dicumarol, salicylanilide- don't affect e- flow but inhibit ATP synthesis by dissipating the proton gradient- produces heat
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lipid catabolism
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requires 1 ATP to separate glycerol and fatty acids- produces 1 FADH2 and 1 NADH to go to ETC and an acetyl-CoA to go to Krebs cycle per two carbons of fatty acid chain
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krebs cycle ATP equivalents starting with acetyl Co-A
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12
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krebs cycle equivalents starting with pyruvate
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15
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net ATP equivalents are produces from complete oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose, substrate-level phosphorylation only
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4
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lyphophilization
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freeze, drying (uses sublimation)
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