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127 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Peptidoglycan
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macromolecule found only in bacteria that provides rigidity to the bacterial cell wall. The basic structure is an alternating series of two subunits NAM and NAG crosslinked by peptide chains.Responsible for retaining the staining preparation
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fermentation
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metabolic process in which the final electron acceptor is an organic compound.
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respiration
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sum total of metabolic steps in the degradation of foodstuffs when the electron acceptor is an inorgnic compound.
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pyruvate
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end product of glycolysis; a precursor metabolite used in the synthesis of amino acids
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endospores
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a kind of resting cell, characteristic of a limited number of bacterial species; highly resistant to heat, radiation, and disinfectants.
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cytoskeleton
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dynamic filamentous network that provides structure and shape to eukarotic cells
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bacterial morphology
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shapes
cocci - round rods - e coli cocobacilli - roundish vibrios - curves, commas spirilla- wavy spirochetes - corkscrew pleomorphic - many shapes |
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cell wall constituents
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peptidoglycan in bacteria
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candle jars
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an environment with increased levels of CO2. O2 is used up by candle.
obligate aerobes grow obligate anaerobes don't grow |
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viruses
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acellular or non-living agent composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat.
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viroids
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An agent. a piece of rna that does not have a protein coat but does replicate within living cells.
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Prion
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infectious protein that has no nucleic acid.
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bioremediation
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process that uses microorganisms to degrade harmful chemicals.
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spontaneous generation
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descredited theory that organisms can arise from non-living matter.
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microscope lens
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objective and ocular lenses
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oil objective
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the high power objective lens that can be used with oil to get less light refraction
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selective media
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culture medium that inhibits the growth of certain microorganisms and therefore favors the growth of desired microorganisms.
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enriched media
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culture media that provides conditions to enhance the growth of one particular organism in a mixed population.
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differential media
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culture media that contain certain ingredients such aas sugars in combination with pH indicators; used to distinguish among organisms based on their metabolic rate.
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stock cultures
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culture stored for use as an inoculum in later procedures
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pasteurization
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process of heating food or other substances under controlled conditions of time and temperature to kill pathogens and reduce the total number of microorgansisms without damaging the substance.
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nosocomial
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infection acquired during hospitalization
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growth curve
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growth pattern observed when cells are grown in a closed system; consists of 4 stages. lag, log, stationary, death.
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sterilization
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process of removing all microbes
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disinfection
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remove all disease-carrying organisms. leave normal flora behind.
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simple stains
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staining technique that employs a basic dye to impart color to cells
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gram stain
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staining technique that divides bacteria into 1 of 2 groups, gram + or gram (-), on the basis of color; correlates with cell wall structure.
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acid fast stain
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procedure used to stain certain microorganisms, particluarly members of the genus mycobacterium that do not readily take up dyes.
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flagella
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in prokaryotic cells, a long protein appendage composed of subunits of flagellin that provides motility. In eukaryotic cells, a whiplike appendage composed of microtubules.
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psychrophiles
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microorganism that grows best
between -5 and 15C |
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mesophiles
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bacteria that grow most rapidly at temperatures between 20 and 45 C.
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thermophiles
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organism with an optimum growth temperature between 45 and 70 C.
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obligate aerobes
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organisms with an absolute requirement for oxygen
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obligate anaerobes
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organisms that cannot multiply if O2 is present; they are often killed by traces of O2 because of its toxic derivatives
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facultative anaerobes
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organism that grows best in the presence of oxygen, but can grow in its absence
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microaerophiles
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organisms that require small amounts of oxygen(2-10%) for growth, but are inhibited by higher concentrations.
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major elements
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Iron, Magnesium, Oxygen
Carbon, Calcium Phosphorous, Potassium |
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bacteriocidal
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able to kill bacteria
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pure culture
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a population of organisms descended from a single cell.
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nomenclature
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system of assigning names to organisms; a component of taxonomy
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genus species
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first name, last name
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pseudomonas
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gram negative rods that are motile by polar flagella and often produce pigments.
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autoclave temperature
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121C
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dry heat
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method of destroying microorganisms.
Direct heat - flame Ovens |
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moist heat
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method of destroying microorganisms.
fast reliable inexpensive boiling pasteurization autoclaves retort (kills botulism) |
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ATP
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the energy currency of a cell, serving as the ready and immediate donor of free energy.
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oxidation reduction
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chemical reaction in which one or more electrons is transferred from one molecule to another; the compound that loses electrons becomes oxidized and the chemical that gains electrons becomes reduced.
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glycolysis
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metabolic pathway that oxidizes glucose to pyruvate, generating atp and reducing power.
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membrane filtration
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a technique used to determine the number of bacteria in a liquid sample that has a relatively low number of organisms; concentrates bacteria by filtration before they are plated.
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enzyme
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a protein that functions as a catalyst
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catalysts
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substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being altered or depleted in the process.
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decolorization
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method of removing the dye from gram negative, but not gram positive bacteria.
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old cultures
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?
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streak plate method
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simplest and most commonly used technique for isolating bacteria; a series of successive streak patterns is used to dilute inoculum.
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pour plate method
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method of inoculating an agar medium with bacteria while the agar is liquid and then pouring it into a petri dish, where the agar hardens; the colonies grow both on the surface and within the medium.
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endospore stain
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heat method of staining dormant cells from the gram positive family. stains the cell purple and leaves a clear halo.
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binary fission
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asexual process of reproduction in which one cell divides into two independent daughter cells.
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substrates
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substance on which an enzyme acts to form products. Surface on which an organism will grow.
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products
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what a substrate is converted into.
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feedback inhibition
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inhibition of the first enzyme of a biosynthetic pathway by the end product of that pathway
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treponema pallidum
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also known as syphillus, detected in a flourescent antibody test.
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van Leeuwanhoek
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developed early microscope. saw animicules
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Redi
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disproved the theory of spontaneous generation. used maggots.
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pasteur
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founder of microbiology
swan necked flasks infusion broths aseptic technique |
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how many people have microorganisms killed?
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more than all wars combined
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why are microorganisms vital to life
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convert nitrogen
produce oxygen degrade organic waste |
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economic applications
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beer, wine, cheese production
degrade toxic pollutants biotechnology biomediation (oil spills) |
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genetic engineering
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introduce genes from one organism to another organism giving it new properties
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medically important products
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interferon, insulin, blood clotting factors (streptochynase)
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new diseases
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Aids, Sars, Toxic Shock, west Nile Virus, Lyme Disease
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Old diseases
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small pox, malaria, dyptheria
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chronic disease
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peptic ulcers (heliobacter pylori)
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good bacteria
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E. Coli synthesizes vitamin K in the intestines
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Prokaryotic
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bacteria and archae
no true nucleus rigid cell wall single-celled |
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3 domains
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prokaryotes
eukaryotes archae |
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prions cause what diseases
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Kuru - from eating monkey brain
chronic wasting disease mad cow disease dementia |
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Name some eukarya
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algae
fungi protozoa helminthes |
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how do bacteria multiply
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binary fission
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what are some basic stains
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methylene blue
malachite green |
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Gram Stain
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Crystal Violet
Iodine Alcohol Safranin |
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name one application of the gram stain
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cerebrospinal fluid
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what type of cell wall does mycobacterium have
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waxy and tough
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name steps in acid fast stain
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carbol fuschin
alcohol methylene blue |
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capsule stain
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not done in hospitals
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what bacteria is a spore stain done on?
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Anthrax. bacillus anthracis
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What dyes are used in a spore stain
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malachite green
safranin |
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two types of flagella
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polar flagella - on end
peritrichous - all around |
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2 diseases that flourescent dyes are done for
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tuberculosis, gonorrhea
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3 types of cocci groupings
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chains, packets, clusters
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what makes up the cell wall peptidoglycan of gram positive bacteria
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NAM and NAG held together by glycan strands
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Teichoic acids and Lipoteichoic acids
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part of the gram positive cell wall that are negatively charged and get rid of bacteria.
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components of gram (-) cell wall
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thin cell wall
periplasm outer membrane porins |
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components of gram (+) cell wall
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thick cell wall of peptidoglycan
lots of NAM and NAG strands teichoic acid lipotoic acid |
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glycocalyx
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general name for a capsule
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how does penicillin work on bacteria
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binds to NAM and NAG sites and prevents synthesis of peptidogylcans by not allowing cross linkage of the strands.
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peritrichous flagella
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flagella surrounding the organism
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fibrae
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assists organisms to attach to wall, secretes adhesive, adheres
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sex pilli
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male bacteria structure which transfers genetic material to female bacteria
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plasmids
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extra genetic material in bacteria
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gas vesicules
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internal structure that makes the bacteria buoyant.
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exocytosis
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getting rid of unneeded stuff
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endocytosis
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eukaryotic cell takes up material from surrounding environment, surrounds material, puts it in a vesicle, then phagocytosis.
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colony
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a population of organisms that descended from a single cell, therefore separated from other species.
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agar
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solid media made from algae and nutrients like glucose
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Name the temperature that agar melts and solidifies
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melts 95oC
solidifies 45oC |
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Source of energy for algae, fungi, protozoa
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sunlight, organic compounds, organic compounds
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turbidity
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cloudiness of a solution
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photoautotrophs
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energy from the sun and CO2 for carbon source
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lyophilized
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freeze dried
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what type of plate is used to tell lactose (+) or (-)?
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MacConkey plate
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name 2 things about a MacConkey plate
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it is both selective and differential
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sterilants
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destroy all microorganisms, even endospores
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what metal is used in sterilization
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silver
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List 3 approaches to control of microorganisms
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filtration
radiation chemicals heat |
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what 2 components make up metabolism
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catabolism
anabolism |
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catabolism
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breaks down glucose and synthesizes ATP
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anabolism
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utilized the energy stored in ATP to synthesize amino acids, nucleotides, and lipids.
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what are the components of the metabolic pathways?
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enzymes
ATP electron carriers |
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what do enzymes do?
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function as biological catalyst, accellerating the conversion of one substance, the substrate into another the product.
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activation energy
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the energy it takes to break chemical bonds
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how does an enzyme catalyze a reaction
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by lowering the activation energy
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why are electron carriers important
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to synthesize ATP and to keep the process going.
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how many atp does glycolysis net?
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2 atp
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tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
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oxidizes glucose, yeilds 2 ATP
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oxidation phosphorylation
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syntesizes ATP
aerobically 34 anaerobically 32 |
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fermentation
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most wanted process by laboratory workers.
used by organisms that cannot respire. |
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what is a differential selective media for detecting lactose
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MacConkey and EMB
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