Microbiology 2: Bacterial Repro And Growth

Front 1

Name of process of bacterial reproduction

Back 1

binary fission

It is asexual

Front 2

Process of binary fission

Back 2

1. Enlargement in cell size
2. DNA replication
3. Cell wall and membrane grow inward
4. Transverse septal wall formed
5. 2 daughter cells complete

Front 3

4 phases of bacterial growth curve

Back 3

1. Lag phase
2. log (exponential) phase
3. stationary phase
4. death phase

Front 4

At what phase in bacterial growth curve do bacteria begin to die?

Back 4

stationary phase (no cell death in log phase)

Front 5

TEST QUESTION

At what phase in bacterial growth curve are antibiotic most effective?

Back 5

log stage (most antibiotic target cell biosynthesis--protein, DNA, and cell wall synthesis

Front 6

Three temperature-dependent classes of bacteria

Back 6

Mesophiles (20-45 degrees)
Thermophiles (45-110 degrees)
Psychrophiles (0-20 degrees)...psycho because they like the cold!

Front 7

Three groups of bacteria which like different pH environments

Back 7

Neutrophils: 5-8
Acidophils: 0-5
Alkalinophiles: 8-12

Front 8

TEST QUESTION

Most human pathogenic bacteria belong to which temperature liking group and which pH-liking group

Back 8

Mesophiles and Neutrophiles (conditions found in human body)

Front 9

Which type of bacteria grow in aerobic conditions, don't group in anaerobic conditions, and require O2 for aerobic respiration?

Back 9

Obligate Aerobe...Obligated to live on Oxygen

Front 10

Which type of bacteria grow in slightly aerobic conditions, don't group in anaerobic conditions, and require a low level of O2 to survive?

Back 10

Microaerophile--

"micro" little
"aerophile" oxygen lover

Front 11

Which type of bacteria grow in anaerobic conditions, don't group in aerobic conditions, and O2 is toxic to them?

Back 11

Obligate anaerobes

Front 12

Which type of bacteria grow in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and O2 is not required for growth but utilized when available

Back 12

Facultative
(strep. mutans in mouth which causes decay)

Front 13

Which type of bacteria grow in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, and O2 is not required nor utilized when available?

Back 13

Aerotolerant anaerobe

Front 14

Which of the following will die with normal (21%) amount of O2 in air?
A. Facutative
B. Aerotolerant anaerobe
C. Obligate Aerobe
D. Microaerophile

Back 14

D. Microaerophile (needs 2-10% O2 levels)

Front 15

What are two types of reactive oxygen species toxic to bacteria?

Back 15

superoxide
peroxide

Front 16

What 3 enzymes detoxify reactive oxygen species in bacteria?

Back 16

superoxide dismutase
peroxidase
catalase

Front 17

Obligate aerobes and most facultative anaerobes have which of the following (may be multiple or none)

A. superoxide dismutase
B. peroxidase
C. catalase

Back 17

superoxide dismutase and catalase

Front 18

Most aerotolerant anaerobes have which of the following (may be multiple or none)

A. superoxide dismutase
B. peroxidase
C. catalase

Back 18

superoxide dismutase and peroxidase

Front 19

Obligate anaerobes have which of the following (may be multiple or none)

A. superoxide dismutase
B. peroxidase
C. catalase

Back 19

none

Front 20

T/F: ALL metabolically active bacteria require water.

Back 20

True

Front 21

What kind of bacteria require light?

Back 21

cyanobacteria

Front 22

UV light is lethal to what kind of bacteria?

Back 22

nonphotosynthetic bacteria (eubacteria)...because it causes mutations

Front 23

What kind of nutrients do bacteria not require for growth?
A. C
B. N
C. H
D. P
E. O

Back 23

D. Phosphorus is not on the list

Front 24

TEST QUESTION

human pathogenic bacteria are:
A. photoautotrophs
B. chemoheterotrophs
C. photoheterotrophs
D. chemoautotrophs

Back 24

B. Chemoheterotrophs

organic compounds carbon source
Use ready-made organic molecules for food (don't make it themselves)

Front 25

T/F Catabolism breaks down substrate to release energy and anabolism is when energy is used to synthesize new molecules.

Back 25

True

Front 26

What are four energy-storage molecules

Back 26

ATP
GTP
NADH
FADH2

Front 27

glycolysis is catabolism or anabolism?

Back 27

catabolism

Front 28

kreb's cycle is catabolism or anabolism?

Back 28

catabolism

Front 29

fermentation is catabolism or anabolism?

Back 29

catabolism

Front 30

biosynthesis mechanisms are catabolism or anabolism?

Back 30

anabolism

Front 31

Does anabolism or catabolism use energy-storage molecules

Back 31

anabolism

Front 32

What are 2 primary energy-storage molecules

Back 32

ATP and GTP

Front 33

Molecule that is the primary energy currency of bacteria

Back 33

ATP

Front 34

What are 2 secondary energy-storage molecules

Back 34

NADH and FADH2

Front 35

Where must secondary energy-storage molecules such as NADH and FADH2 go in order to transfer their energy into ATP?

Back 35

Electron Transport Chain

Front 36

How many ATPs come from NADH?

Back 36

3

Front 37

How many ATPs come from FADH2?

Back 37

2

Front 38

What are three catabolistic pathways in aerobic conditions

Back 38

1. glycolysis
2. krebs cycle
3. electron transport chain

Front 39

What are two catabolistic pathways in anaerobic conditions

Back 39

1. glycolysis
2. fermentation

Front 40

Does glycolysis occur in aerobic conditions? in anaerobic conditions?

Back 40

yes and yes. both.

Front 41

What are the gross products of glycolysis? net products?

Back 41

Gross: 4 ATP, 2 pyruvate
Net: 2 ATP, 2 pyruvate

(2 ATP are needed and are expended in glycolysis process)

Front 42

What is the key molecule that enters the TCA (Kreb's cycle)

Back 42

pyruvate

Front 43

What cellular metabolic process produces the most various energy-storage molecules (such at GTP, NADH, and FADH2)?

Back 43

kreb's cycle

Front 44

EXAM QUESTION

How many net ATP are generated, in aerobic conditions, from one glucose molecule?

Back 44

38!
38!
38!

Front 45

In anaerobic conditions, pyruvic acid is turned into a variety of organic acids and alcohols

Back 45

FYI

Front 46

Besides glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, ETC, and fermentation, what are 2 other catabolic pathways for glucose?

Back 46

Pentose-phosphate pathway

and

Entner-Duodoroff pathway (in prokaryotes--mostly obligate aerobes)

Front 47

Why is bacterial gene exchange medically significant?

Back 47

antibiotic resistance

Front 48

Name the term where a plasmid (either free or integrated into the bacterial chromosome) moves from one bacterium to another

Back 48

conjugation

Front 49

Name the term where one bacterium releases phages which infect other bacteria

Back 49

transduction

Front 50

Name the term where DNA fragments from a lysed bacterium are taken up into and integrated into the genome of another bacterium.

Back 50

transformation

Front 51

Rank from most common to least common: Transformation, Conjugation, and Transduction

Back 51

Conjugation>transduction>transformation

Front 52

Compare and contrast plasmids and transposons

Back 52

Plasmid: extrachromosomal DNA that can autonomously replicate

Transposon: mobile DNA elements that jump from one place to another on the same chromosome

Commonly, plasmids and transposons both can carry antibiotic resistance genes

Front 53

Griffith experiment in 1928 is an example of what kind of genetic transfer

Back 53

transformation

Front 54

Transformation requires what?

Back 54

DNA fragment from a donor cell
Calcium

Front 55

What are competent cells?

Back 55

Cells able to take up exogenous DNA

Front 56

Can Gram + undergo transformation?
Can Gram - undergo transformation?

Back 56

yes. yes

Front 57

TEST QUESTION

In what growth phase do bacteria develop competence?

Back 57

late log (start to die, become more desperate)

Front 58

Conjugation requires which bacterial structure?

Back 58

pilus

Front 59

T/F: Conjugation occurs only from fertility factor positive cell (F+) to fertility factor negative cell (F-)

Back 59

true

Front 60

T/F: genes necessary for conjugation, including pilus biogenesis genes, are found in the bacterial chromosome

Back 60

False. found in the F plasmid

Front 61

When F plasmid is integrated into the bacterial chromosome, an F+ bacterial cell becomes what?

Back 61

Hfr (high frequency recombination) cell

Front 62

What is transferred through the pilus from an Hfr cell to a F- cell

Back 62

Entire chromosome (including bacterial chromosome with F plasmid insert)

Front 63

Transduction occurs via what means?

Back 63

bacteriophages

Front 64

FACT: In generalized transduction, any host gene can be transferred

Back 64

FACT: In specialized transduction, only specific host genes are transferred.

Front 65

Which is the virulent (infecting) phase of bacteriophages: lysogenic or lytic?

Back 65

lytic

Front 66

Generalized transduction results from lytic and/or lysogenic cycle(s)?

Back 66

lytic only

Front 67

Specialized transduction results from lytic and/or lysogenic cycle(s)?

Back 67

both cycles

Front 68

Match:
Transformation requires [] pilus
Conjugation requires [] phage
transduction requires [] dead cell DNA

Back 68

ANSWER:
Transformation requires [] dead cell DNA
Conjugation requires [] pilus
transduction requires [] phage

Front 69

"Jumping genes" mediate what process?

Back 69

transposition (of transposon)

Front 70

T/F: Transposition is when a DNA segment "jumps" from one bacterial chromosome to another.

Back 70

False. Transposition occurs within a cell, not between 2 cells

Front 71

in a transposon, the insertion sequence contains what?

Back 71

Transposase gene and/or antibiotic resistance genes

Front 72

Antibiotics trigger what four bacterial structures/processes?

Back 72

1. cell wall

2. DNA replication/ condensation (DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV)

3. transcription (RNA polymerase)

4. translation (50S and 30S ribosomal subunits)

Front 73

Steps to cell wall (peptidoglycan) synthesis ONLY in bacteria.

Back 73

1. In cytoplasm, tetrapeptide forms and is added to NAM

2. NAM/tetrapeptide attaches bactoprenol and NAG attaches to NAM

3. transported to periplasmic space by bactoprenol

4. autolysins break glycosidic bonds along existing peptidoglycan

5. Transflycosylase enzymes form bonds between new and old NAG/NAM complexes

6. Transpeptidase reform pentaglycine cross-links

Front 74

In Eukaryotes, DNA condenses with what?

In Bacteria, DNA condenses with what?

Back 74

Eukaryotes: histones

Bacteria: DNA gyrase (condense DNA) and topoisomerase IV (relax DNA)

Front 75

How many subunits in bacterial RNA polymerase? In eukaryotic RNA polymerase II?

Back 75

4
12

Front 76

Ribosomal subunits in bacterial cell? In eukaryotic cell?

Back 76

Bacterial: 50s and 30s

Eukaryotic: 60s and 40s