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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Microbiology
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branch of biology dealing with the structure, function, and uses of microscopic organisms
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Infectious Agent
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an agent capable of producing infection
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Prion
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-infectious particle of protein -unlike a virus, contains no nucleic acid
-does not trigger an immune response -is not destroyed by extreme heat or cold |
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Virus
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infectious agent that replicates only within the cells of living hosts
-mainly bacteria, plants, and animals -composed of an RNA or DNA core |
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Viroid
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an infectious agent of plants similar to a virus but consisting of only a short, single strand of RNA without a protein coat
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Prokaryote
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-no nuclear membrane
-no organelles in the cytoplasm except ribosomes -genetic material in the form of single continuous strands forming coils or loops |
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Bacteria Domain
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-organisms that are much more common than Archaea -live almost anywhere
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Archae Domain
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-mostly composed of cells that live in extreme environments
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Eukaryote Domain
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arose from the first prokaryotic organisms more than 1.7 billion years ago
-all organisms with eukaryotic cells |
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Algae
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Eukaryote
-chlorophyll-containing -mainly aquatic |
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Protazoan
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Eukaryote
- unicellular -singly or aggregating into colonies -nonphotosynthetic -pseudopods, flagella, or cilia. |
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Fungi
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slime molds
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Helminths
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parasitic worm
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Arthropods
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insects, spiders and other arachnids
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Nitrogen Fixation
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-in the nodules of leguminous plants
-make nitrogenous compounds available to host plants |
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Bioremediation
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use of biological agents
EXAMPLE-bacteria, fungi green plants -remove or neutralize contaminants, as in polluted soil or water. -Bacteria and fungi generally work by breaking down contaminants into less harmful substances |
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Antibiotic
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-microorganisms and fungi, having the capacity in dilute solutions to inhibit the growth of or to destroy bacteria and other microorganisms
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Genetic Engineering
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alteration of the DNA of a cell for purposes of research
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Normal Flora
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Bacteria - performing tasks that are useful or even essential to human survival
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Spontaneous Generation
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theory that complex, living organisms may be produced from nonliving matter
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Germ Theory of Fermentation
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Louis Pasteur
- help solve problems related to alcohol production at a local distillery -studies on alcoholic fermentation |
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Kochs Postulates - Germ Theory of Disease
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1.microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.
2.microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. 3.microorganism should cause disease in healthy organism. 4.The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, & be identical to the original specific causative agent |
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micrometer
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10^-6
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nanometer
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10^-9
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Total Magnification
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multiplying the eyepiece power (usually 10x) by the objective lens in place
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Resolution/Resolving Power
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closest two objects that can be seen as two
-.55/(RP)2 |
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Refraction/Refractive Index (immersion oil)
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The bending of wave (e.g. light) as it travels through a refractive medium
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Contract
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dye to increase image
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Microscope parts and functions
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- Eyepiece
magnifying lens focuses the image from the objective to your eye - Course Adjust focusing under low magnification - Fine Adjust focusing under high magnification or low -Stage Supports specimen -Condenser Focuses light on specimen -Diaphragm (iris or disc) Regulates amount of light and contrast -Light Source Illuminates the specimen for viewing |
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Cationic Dye
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positive
-attatches to negative substances |
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Anionic Dye
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negative
-attaches to positive substances |
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glycocalyx
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outer surface of cell
-contains strongly acidic sugars -carries a negative electric charge |
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capsule
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-outer shell enveloping certain bacteria
*prokaryotic |
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slime layer
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unorganized form of glycocalyx in bacterial cells *prokaryotic
-protection |
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hypothesis
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explanation for an observation -can be tested by further investigation
-taken to be true |
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theory
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assumption
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Scienific Method
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observing
testing repeating |
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chemotaxis
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movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus
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phototaxis
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movement of an organism or cell toward or away from a source of light
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plasmid
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circular, double-stranded unit of DNA that replicates within a cell
*bacteria |
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ribosomes
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site of protein synthesis as directed by mRNA
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nucleoid
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resembling a nucleus
*nuclear reagio of bacterium *no nuclear membrane |
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aerotaxis
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oxygen
*prokaryotic |
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gas vesicles
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allows gas vacule to float
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sprirochete
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slender, spiral, motile *bacteria
-pathogenic -causing syphilis, relapsing fever, yaws, and other diseases |
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osmosis
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Diffusion of fluid through a semipermeable membrane -low solute concentration to solution with higher solute concentration
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staphylococci
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clusters of cells
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streptococci
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Gram-positive bacteria occurring in pairs or chains
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volutin granules
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in bacteria and higher eukaryotes
-containing polyphosphate |
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antiport
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mechanism of coupling the transport of two compounds across a membrane in opposite directions
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symport
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movement of ions across energy-transducing cell membranes
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hypertonic
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higher solute concentration compared with another
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