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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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prokaryotic, enclosed by a cell that contains peptidoglycan, largest group of microbes in terms of numbers
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Bacteria
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prokaryotic, cell wall lacks peptidoglycan, earliest life on earth
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Archaea
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Three mechanisms which Protozoa move
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pseudopods, flagella, cilia
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relatively large microorganisms, eukaryotic, unicellular, optain nutrients by absorption or ingestion of organic compounds
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Protozoa
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noncellular- neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic, submicroscopic- visualize with electron microscopy, obligate intracellular parasites- of cells
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Viruses
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all living things are composed of cells
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cell theory
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first scientist to observe cells
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Robert Hooke
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first to observe and describe microorganisms
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Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
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work led to the development of "aseptic techniques= methods used in laboratories and medical facilities- to prevent contamination by organisms, fermentation, pasteurization.
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Louis Pasteur
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microbes can cause disease
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Germ Theory of Disease
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introduced the use of disinfectants in surgical procedures greatly reducing post- operative infections
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Lister
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developed procedures to confirm the etiology of an infectious disease
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Koch
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coined the term vaccine used avirulent bacteria to immunize patients against bacterial diseases
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Pasteur
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coxpox/smallpox; vaccinated patients with cow pox scrapings- to induce immunity to small pox
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Jenner
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prepared in laboratory
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synthetic drugs
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chemical disease treatment
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chemotherapy
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chemicals produced naturally, by fungi and bacteria which kill or inhibit other microorganisms.
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antibiotics
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accidently discovered penicillin produced by a mold
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Alexander Flemming
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discovered 2 antibiotics produced by Bacillus
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Dubos
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the study of bacteria, new species discovered regularly
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Bacteriology
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the study of fungi
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mycology
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using microorganisms to recycle water
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sewage treatment
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using microbes to clean up pollution. some bacteria utilize pollutants as food sources. other bacteria produce enzymes to break down toxins
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bioremediation
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is the use of microorganisms to produce foods and chemicals.
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biotechnology
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being used to modify microorganisms so that they produce proteins, vaccines, and enzymes
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Recombinant DNA
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uses viruses to carry replacements for missing or defective genes into human cells
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Gene Therapy
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harmless or beneficial microbes that live in/on our body.
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Normal Flora
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pairs
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diplo
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chains
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strepto
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staphylo
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clusters
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organized and firmly attached to cell wall; protection from phagocytosis
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capsule
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unorganized and loosely attached to cell wall
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slime layer
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long filmentous appendages that propel bacteria; used for motility
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flagellum
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flagella-like cork screw motility
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axial filaments
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hair like appendages that allow for attachment to surface
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fimbrae
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join bacterial cells for transfer of DNA or genetic material
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pili
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thick and rigid structure
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gram positive cell wall
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thin peptidoglycan surrounded by outer membrane- made of lipopolysaccharide
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gram negative cell wall
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ATP not required substances move across the membrane according to a concentration gradient from high--> to low
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passive diffusion
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ATP required. move substances against the concentration gradient. low--> to high
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active diffusion
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80% water- cellular material inside the plasma membrane
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Cytoplasm
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extra chromosomal genetic elements that code for nonessential/ potentially beneficial products transferable between bacteria.
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Plasmids
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70s ribosomes
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prokaryotes cells
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80s ribosomes.
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eukaryotic cells
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site of protein synthesis
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ribosomes
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highly resistant "resting" cells produced some gram positive cells during hard times
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endospores
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eukaryotic; outward extending projections enclosed by plasma membrane
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flagella and cilia
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method of moving materials into cells- unique
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endocytosis
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involves pseudopods engulfs particles
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phagocytosis
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plasma membrane folds inward- bringing liquid materials into the cell.
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pinocytosis
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complex of rods (filaments) and cylinders (microtubules) which provides support and shape for cell- while assisting to the transportation of substances through the cell
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cytoskeleton
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intracellular movement of eukaryotic cytoplasm- distributes nutrients and moves the cell over a surface.
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cytoplasmic streaming
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covered with ribosomes; site of protein synthesis
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rough endoplasmic reticulum
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not covered with ribosomes. synthesis of phospholipids, fats, and steriods
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smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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protein modification
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golgi complex
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miniature "powerplants" responsible for cellular respiration- 70s chromosomes
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mitochondria
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miniature powerplants responsible for photosynthesis, found in algae, contain chlorophyll, and phtosynthetic energy- 70s chromosomes
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chloroplasts
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eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells living together symbiotically
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Basis of Theory
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the sum of all chemical reactions in a living organisms; two types of reactions catabolism and anabolism
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metabolism
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destructive mechanism; energy is released when complex organic compounds are broken down
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Catabolism
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constructive metabolism; energy is required to synthesize complex organic molecules. generate the materials for cell growth
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Anabolism
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catabolic reactions furnish this energy to drive anabolic reactions
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ATP
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bioactive proteins that control/directs a cells metabolic pathways
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enzyme
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provide energy for synthesis of ATP
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catabolic reaction
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derive energy from break down of ATP
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anabolic reaction
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how energy is transferred from organism to organism
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potential energy contained in chemical bonds
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removing elections from a molecule; releases energy from chemical bonds
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oxidation
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efficient ATP generating process in which the final e- acceptor is an inorganic molecule may be aerobic or anaerobic.
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cellular respiration
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low efficiency ATP generations process occurring in the absence of oxygen, final e acceptor is an organic molecule
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fermentation
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primary e source=light
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phototrophs
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primary E source= oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds (chemical)
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chemotrophs
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(self feeders)- use inorganic C
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autotrophs
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feed on others- use organic C
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heterotrophs
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light e, inorganic c
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photoautotrophs
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light e, organic c
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photoheterotrophs
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chemical e, inorganic c
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chemoautotrophs
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chemical e, organic c
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chemoheterotrophs
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most common method of controlling microbial growth
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cold temperature
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refers to an increase in cell numbers not in cell size
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bacterial growth
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time required for a cell to divide and for a cell population to double in numbers
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generation time
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four phases of bacterial growth
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lag, log, stationary, death
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little increase in cell numbers as microbes acclimate. yet cells are metabolically active.
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lag phase
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cells begin dividing rapidly. generation time reaches a constant minimum. cells exhibit metabolic activity
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log phase
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growth slows and eventually stops when the cell reproduction rate= rate of cell death
death results from exhaustion of nutrients, accumulation of toxic wastes. |
stationary phase
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death rate exceeds reproductive rate
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death phase
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