Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
185 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Y. petstis is more commonly called __
|
bubonic plauge
|
|
Y. pestis produces large, tender, swollen lymph nodes called __, which occur in teh neck, groin, and armpit regions
|
buboes
|
|
the CO2 test for H. Pylori works because:
|
urea-->ammonia--->CO2 gas
|
|
H. pylori causes __% of duodenal ulcers and __% of gastic ulcers
|
90, 80
|
|
H. pylori was discovered by __ after he __
|
Barry Marshall, drank it
|
|
people with type __ blood are more susceptible to H. Pylori
|
O
|
|
tetnsu is treated by __ which is an Ab containing serum of immunized humans which contains an __
|
TIG, antitoxin
|
|
botulist is latin for __
|
sausage
|
|
the most common cause of infant botulism if __
|
eating honey
|
|
anthrax is also known as __
|
wool-sorters disease, rag-pickers disease
|
|
the vaccine for anthrax is no longer widely used except in the __
|
military
|
|
Chagas disease is caused by a __
|
protozoan
|
|
in chagas disease, the protozoan begins its life inside the reduvid bug. the reduvid bug is a __
|
biological vector
|
|
approximately __ of all perscriptions are for otitis media (ear infections)
|
1/4
|
|
otitis media affects __% of kids before 3 years old
|
85
|
|
__ is the most common reason for children to undergo a general anesthetic in the US
|
otitis media
|
|
__ statistically, is the single most preventable cause of otitis media
|
parental smoking
|
|
a rare, degenerative, fatal brain disease in humans
|
variant Cruetzfeld Jacob Disease (CJD)
|
|
was first reported in 1966, 217 cases in 11 counrires, mostly teh UK
|
variant Cruetzfeld Jacob Disease (CJD)
|
|
people become infected with __ through their consumptin of cattle products contaminated with teh agent __
|
variant Cruetzfeld Jacob Disease (CJD) , BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
|
|
classic CJD is __ related to "mad cow" disease
|
NOT
|
|
agent responsible for the outbreak of vCJD in humans
|
BSE
|
|
the mean death age for CJD is __ while VCJD is __
|
68, 28
|
|
vCJD has a __ period of illness than classic CJD
|
longer
|
|
vCJD is caused by a __
|
Prion
|
|
causes depression, apthay, or anxiety, unusual persistant and painful sensor symptoms, unsteadiness, difficulty walking and involuntary movements
|
vCJD
|
|
toxoplasmosis is cause by the parasite __
|
toxoplasma gondii
|
|
toxoplasmosis is caused by a __
|
single-celled protazoan
|
|
the primary host of the toxoplasma gondii parasite are __
|
cats
|
|
in teh US it is estmated the __% of the population 12 years and older have been infected with toxoplasmosis and in other areas of the world, __% are infected
|
22.5%, 95%
|
|
__ and __ are at risk for serious harm by toxoplasmosis
|
immunocompromised people, newborns and mothers who are infected for the first time just before or during pregnancy
|
|
the most common mode of transmission for toxoplasmosis is __
|
foodborne, eating undercooked, contaminated meat
|
|
makes infected mice less afraid of cats
|
toxoplasmosis
|
|
has signs and sympotms that are very similar to general flu for normal people
|
toxoplasmosis
|
|
immunofluroescence staining, slit lamp exam, and antibody titer testing are used to diagnose __
|
toxoplasmosis
|
|
to test for toxoplasmosis, immuno fluroescense staining of biopsy material tests for __
|
antigens
|
|
T/F: most healthy people recover from toxoplasmosis without treatment
|
True
|
|
a mospuito-borne, infectious disease
|
malaria
|
|
malaria is caused by a __
|
parasitic protist
|
|
in malaria, __ parasites multiply inside __
|
plasmodium, RBC's
|
|
with malaria, the primary hosts are __, and the secondary hosts are __
|
female mosquitos, humans
|
|
malaria uses __ that form on infected RBC's in order to keep the infeciton in blood vessels and away from the spleen
|
adhesive proteins
|
|
blood films, saliva and urine tests, antigen tests, PCR are all used to diagnose __
|
malaria
|
|
__ is used to avoid drug resistance to malaria
|
artemisinin combination therapy (ACT)
|
|
__ is immune to malaria because it alters the hemoglobin in teh blood cuasing the malaria parasite to die
|
sickle cell disease
|
|
most cases of malaria are in __
|
children under 5
|
|
__ has teh most fatalites from malaria
|
sub-saharan aftrica
|
|
a member of teh filoviridae RNA virus family
|
EBOLA virus
|
|
bleeding from eyes, ears, and nose, mouth, rectum, genital swelling, and a rash over the entire body that often contains blood are signs of __
|
EBOLA
|
|
reacts with blood platelets and produces an unknown chemical that "punches hole" in capillaries and blood vessels causing hemorrhaging blood from orifices
|
EBOLA
|
|
diagnosed by ELISA, and blood clotting tests
|
EBOLA
|
|
the only known outbreaks of EBOLA habe been in __
|
Africa
|
|
Ebola is a __ RNA virus, thought to be transmitted by infected __
|
zoonotic, primates
|
|
__% of those infected with EBOLA die within 2 weeks of teh 21 day incubation period
|
50-90
|
|
DIC stands for:
|
disseminated intravascular coagulation
|
|
measles is a __
|
paramyxovirus
|
|
rapidly inactivated by heat, light, acidic pH, ether, and trypsin
|
measles
|
|
meseales has a __ survival time
|
short
|
|
T/F mesales only infects humans
|
true
|
|
mesales is a __ disease
|
respiratory
|
|
in measles, 2-3 days after symptoms, white/grey spots may appear inside the mouth called __
|
kopliks spots
|
|
in __, 3-5 days ater sympotoms begin, a red or pronish rash appears
|
measles
|
|
mumps is casued by a __
|
paramyxovirus
|
|
measales is treeated with __
|
vitamin A medications
|
|
teh portal of entry of mumps in teh ___
|
gastrointestinal tract
|
|
__ causes salivary galnds to swell
|
mumps
|
|
mumps is contagious for __ days
|
6
|
|
can be diagnosed by painful and swollen parotid salivary glands
|
mumps
|
|
rubella virus is a __ virus
|
togavirus
|
|
casued by transmitin via airborne droplet emission from teh upper respiratory tract of active cases
|
rubella virus (german measles)
|
|
serodiagnosis of IgM or Ig G, isolation, RT-PCR, hemagglutination inhibition, ELISA, nasal or throat swabs, and blood tests diagnose __
|
MMR
|
|
the MMR vaccine vacinates for __
|
mumps, measles and rubella viruses
|
|
causative agent of infectious hepatitis
|
hepatitis A
|
|
hepatitis A is a __ virus
|
picornavirus
|
|
__ is the lease serious yet most common kind of hepatitis
|
Hepatitis A
|
|
causative agent of serum (body fluid) hepatitis
|
Hep B
|
|
hep B is a __ virus
|
hapadnavirus
|
|
__ is the most dangerous form of hepatitis and can lead to cancer
|
Hep B
|
|
hep C is a __ virus
|
flavivirus
|
|
dark urine, fatigue, fever, vomiting, nausea, abdominal pain, and jaudince (yellow skin) are sings of __
|
hepatitis
|
|
hep B may require a __
|
liver transplant
|
|
hep C is treated by __
|
peginterferon medications
|
|
the polio virus is a __ virus
|
picornavirus, RNA
|
|
virus that attacks the nervous system
|
polio
|
|
polio enter teh __ and attacks __
|
mouth, motor neurons
|
|
polio is transmitted __ and __ and is most contagious __ days post infection
|
fecal-oral, oral-oral, 7-10
|
|
most virulent and most common serotype of polio
|
PV1
|
|
types of polio vaccines:
|
OPV and IVP
|
|
polio vaccine given orally in drop form, uses weakend form of virus
|
oral polio vaccine (OPV)
|
|
polio vaccine, injected shot, uses killed form
|
inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
|
|
__% of polio cases are in children under 5
|
50
|
|
mono is caused by __
|
epstein barr virus (EBV)
|
|
the 2nd most common viral infection behind the flu and cold
|
mono
|
|
to test for mono, the monospot test is a __ test
|
rapid
|
|
in teh monspot test, the form of heteropile Ab test reacts with __
|
RBC's
|
|
the mono tests usually test for __
|
anitbodies
|
|
mono can hide for __
|
decades
|
|
T/F if you have mono, you should avoid alcohol until the liver is functioning properlly
|
T
|
|
chicken pox/shingles is cause by
|
varicella-zoster virus
|
|
chickenpox first enters the __
|
respiratory system
|
|
chicken pox moves from teh respiraory system to teh __ near the spine-indefinite latency
|
dorsal root ganglion
|
|
chickenpox that occurs/reoccurs in adults
|
shingles
|
|
the difference between smallpox and chickenpox/shingles is that the smallpox rash is __
|
more on teh extremites, palms, and soles
|
|
chickenpox is __ even before the rash appears
|
airborne and very contagious
|
|
antibody that is made first
|
IgM
|
|
west nile virus is a __ virus
|
flavivirus
|
|
west nile virus is __
|
positive sense
|
|
when single straded RNA goes into the cell and acts as messanger RNA. can be transcribed immediatly
|
postive sense
|
|
spread by mosquito who has bit an infected bird and then a human
|
west nile virus
|
|
west nile virus can cause __ and __
|
west nile fever, west nile encephalitis/menigitis
|
|
__ was first isolated from a febrile adult woman in teh west nile district of uganda in 1937
|
west nile virus
|
|
WNV first occured in north america in __ in 1999
|
New york city
|
|
causes genital warts, cancer
|
human papillomavirus (HPV)
|
|
__% of sexually active men and women will get HPV at some point in their lives
|
50
|
|
__ million americans are currently infected with HPV
|
20
|
|
infects T-cells and macrophages of the immune system and squamous epithelia cells
|
HPV
|
|
HPV causes __ cancer
|
cervical
|
|
the pap test for HPV is an __ test
|
antigen
|
|
HPV tests done during a pap test is a PCR-ELISA that detects __
|
HPV viruses (antigen)
|
|
protects against cervical cancer
|
cervarix
|
|
protects agains cervical cancer and also agianst genital warts, for both men and women
|
gaurdasil
|
|
influenza is a __ virus
|
orthomyxovirus
|
|
influenza has 2 different spikes __ and __
|
hemagglutin and neuraminidase (HA, NA)
|
|
2 mixing vecotors for influenza
|
bird, pig
|
|
influenza __ causes pandemics, most varied strain, rapid antigenic drift
|
A
|
|
influenza __ mainly infects animals, less lethal, found more often in youth, slow antigenic drift, permits humans to aquire immunity
|
B
|
|
genetic reassortment between a human and non-human virus in a non-human host, changes suddenly, moajor genetic variation
|
antigenic shift
|
|
accumulation of mutations that facilitate evasion of the host imuune response, happens gradually, minor variation
|
antigenic drift
|
|
the __ vaccine is a annual vaccine contain protection from __ flu viruses that are anticipated to be the most common that season
|
TIV, 3
|
|
rickettsia rickettsii is an __ that causes __
|
obligate intracellular parasite, rocky mountain spotted fever
|
|
rocky mountain spotted fever is usually transmitted to humans through __
|
tick bites
|
|
vectors of R. rickettsia 3
|
-american dog tick
-brown dog tick -rocky mountain wood tick |
|
the main symptom for rocky mountain spotted fever is a rash that starts on the __
|
ankles and wrists
|
|
the gold standard for diagnosis of R. rickettsii is __, which tests for __
|
indirect immunoflourenscence assay (IFA), antigen
|
|
lyme disease is cause by __
|
bacteria Borrelia burgdorfei
|
|
Borrelia burgdorfei has __ morphology
|
spirochete
|
|
the highest occuring disease cuased by ticks in teh US
|
lyme disease
|
|
lyme disease can be diagnosed by a __
|
bulls eye rash
|
|
T/F antibodies mean protection
|
FALSE
|
|
the infectino of teh arachonoid mebrane, subarachnoid space, and cerebrospinal fluid by bacteria
|
bacterial memingitis
|
|
haemophilus influenzae, listeria monocytogenes, neisseria menigitidis and streptococcus pneumoniae are teh most common causes of __
|
bacterial menigitis
|
|
bacterial menigits is cultivated on what type of medium?
|
chocolate agar
|
|
H. influenza in a picky organism aka __
|
fastidious
|
|
caused by acid fast rods
|
mycobacterium tuberculosis
|
|
mycobacterium tuberculosis is a __, usually in macrophages
|
facultative intracellular parasite
|
|
the __ of mycobacterium tuberculosis helps survive phagocytosis
|
waxy cell wall
|
|
mycobacterium tuberculosis is spread by __
|
microscopic drolets of saliva containing bacteria being inhaled
|
|
T/F there is no latent TB
|
FALSE
|
|
how is TB diagnosed?
|
-skin test: injection of tuberculin, look for raised bump
-blood test: iterferon gama release assay (IGRA) |
|
sputum smear microscopy is __
|
acid fast staining
|
|
people with __ are much more likely to get TB
|
HIV
|
|
__ of people are infected with M. TB in teh world
|
1/3
|
|
__ is second only to HIV/AIDS in deaths worldwide
|
TB
|
|
the __ toxin is a B-phage (lysogenic) toxin
|
diptheria
|
|
can be diagnosed by a grayish psudomembrane in teh throat
|
diptheria
|
|
teh diptheriae vaccine is a __
|
toxiod
|
|
__ causes whooping cough
|
bordetella pertussis
|
|
to diagnose whooping cough, direct fluorescent antibody staing is done. this is an __ test
|
antigen
|
|
T/F there have been recent outbreaks of whooping cough
|
true
|
|
identificaiton requires biopsy or slit skin smear
|
M. Leprae
|
|
acid fast positive rod
|
M. Leprae
|
|
causes leprosy/hansens disease
|
M. Leprae
|
|
2 forms of leprosy
|
-tuberculoid
-lepromatous |
|
type of leprosy: has well defined skin lesions that are numb
|
PB leprosy
|
|
type of leprosy: has a crhoric stuffy nosede to invasion of the mucous membranes and teh prsense of nodules and lesions all over the body
|
MV leprosy
|
|
__ forms of hannans disease are curable
|
all
|
|
also called pneumococcus, may cause otitis media
|
Strep. pneumoniae
|
|
endospores of this were spread via the mail in 2001
|
Bacillus anthracis
|
|
fungal species implicated in “sick buildings”
|
Stachybotrys sp
|
|
3 forms: bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic
|
Yersinia pestis
|
|
main sign is severe cough, gasping for breath
|
Bordetella pertussis
|
|
bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremia syndrome
|
E. coli O157:H7
|
|
filovirus found in Zaire, Sudan, Ivory Coast, Reston
|
EBOLA virus
|
|
may cause massive “rice stool” diarrhea
|
Vibrio cholerae
|
|
first sign is usually a “bullseye” rash
|
Borrelia burgdorferi
|
|
may be diagnosed with 14C urea test
|
Helicobacter pylori
|
|
major cause of common cold
|
rhinoviruses
|
|
virus agglutinates RBCs, H1N1 is one type
|
Influenza virus
|
|
common signs are parotitis and orchitis
|
mumps virus
|
|
a major sign is jaundice
|
hepatitis A virus
|
|
herpesvirus that infects B cells, can cause cancer
|
EBV
|
|
very small virus that can cause paralysis
|
poliovirus
|
|
causes cycles of fever as RBCs are lysed
|
Plasmodium sp (malaria)
|
|
vaccination eradicated disease in 1977
|
smallpox virus
|
|
HiB vaccine is carbohydrate linked to protein
|
Haemophilus influenzae
|