Microbio Exam 4

Front 1

what is a vector

Back 1

organism that transmits a disease from one species to another

ex.) fleas, ticks

Front 2

arthropod borne diseases are transmitted by

Back 2

vectors

Front 3

biological vector

Back 3

has to be reproducing inside the vector

Front 4

mechanical vector

Back 4

transmitting it on its feet or mouth

Front 5

vertical transmission route

Back 5

parent to offspring

Front 6

horizontal transmission route

Back 6

human to human

Front 7

reservoir host

Back 7

harbors disease agent not seriously effected by disease

Front 8

primary host

Back 8

disease reaches maturity and reproduces

Front 9

intermediate host

Back 9

host harbors for short period, completes a developmental stage

Front 10

incidental host

Back 10

not the target host may not be affected or extremely affected, dead ends

Front 11

stages of lyme disease

Back 11

3 stages:

localized: 1 week-10 days

disseminated: weeks or months

late: years later

Front 12

transovarian passage

Back 12

transmission of bacteria from generation to generation of ticks through their eggs

Front 13

falciparum malaria

Back 13

persistant fever, cough and weakness

Front 14

cerebral malaria

Back 14

small blood vessels in brain become obstructed

Front 15

apicomplexans

Back 15

live in animal hosts and lack locomotor appendages in mature state

Front 16

asexual phase

Back 16

carried out in the human

Front 17

sexual phase

Back 17

carried out in the mosquito

Front 18

sandflies inject into

Back 18

skin

Front 19

tsetese flies inject into

Back 19

tissue

Front 20

arboviruses

Back 20

viruses transmitted by arthropod vectors

Front 21

arrival disease syndrome can be placed into 3 subsets

Back 21

undifferentiated fever, with or without rash

encephalitis- inflammation of brain

hemorrhage fever

Front 22

hemorrhagic fever disease

Back 22

organs begin to bleed

Front 23

yellow fever

Back 23

causes jaundice, liver disease

Front 24

dengue fever

Back 24

breakbone fever

Front 25

first line defense

Back 25

barrier(skin) that block invasion at portal entry

Front 26

second line defense

Back 26

non-specific(treats ever invader the same) inflammation and phagocytes

Front 27

third line

Back 27

antibodies remember virus(specific) long term immunity

Front 28

mucous membranes of digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts and eye

Back 28

moist and permeable

mucous coat impedes entry and attachment of bacteria

Front 29

respiratory tract and respiratory tree

Back 29

nasal hair trap larger particles

moves foreign particles trapped in mucous toward pharynx for removal

Front 30

resident microbiota

Back 30

blocks access of pathogens to epithelial surfaces

alters local pH

Front 31

skin and mucous membrane (non-specific chemical defenses)

Back 31

sebaceous secretions exert an antimicrobial effect

Front 32

lysozome (non-specific chemical defenses)

Back 32

found in tears and saliva

Front 33

immunes system

Back 33

immune cells, primary and secondary tissues recognizes foreign invaders neutralizes or destroys them

Front 34

immunity

Back 34

ability of host to resist particular disease

Front 35

immunology

Back 35

science concerned with with immune response

Front 36

non-specific immune response

Back 36

offers resistance to any microbe or foreign material

Front 37

specific immune response

Back 37

resistant to particular foreign agent

Front 38

antigen

Back 38

recognized as foreign

anything that can trigger immune response

Front 39

white blood cells

Back 39

trained to recognize self and non self

Front 40

cells of immune system

Back 40

granulocytes(baso,eosino,neutrophils)

mast cells

Front 41

primary organs and tissues

Back 41

sites where lymphocytes mature and differentiate into antigen sensitive mature Band T cells

Front 42

secondary organs and tissues

Back 42

areas where lymphocytes may encounter and bind antigens

Front 43

primary lymphoid organs and tissue

Back 43

bone marrow and thymus

Front 44

secondary lymphoid organs and tissue

Back 44

spleen- fillter blood

lymph node- filters lymph

Front 45

whole blood

Back 45

plasma

serum: has NO clotting factors

Front 46

hematopoiesis

Back 46

production of blood cells

Front 47

stem cells

Back 47

can turn into any type of cell. pool of undifferentiated cells

Front 48

granulocytes

Back 48

lobed nucleus

Front 49

agranulocytes

Back 49

unlobed, rounded nucleus

Front 50

erythrocytes

Back 50

no immune function (red blood)

Front 51

platelets

Back 51

not whole blood, help with clotting

Front 52

phagocytosis

Back 52

ingest material and recognize antigens in foreign matter (bass, neutron,eosino)

Front 53

rubor

Back 53

redness caused by increase circulation and vasodilation in injured tissues

Front 54

calor

Back 54

warmth from increased flow of blood

Front 55

tumor

Back 55

swelling from increased fluid escaping tissues

Front 56

dolor

Back 56

pain caused by stimulation of nerve endings

Front 57

5th sign

Back 57

loss of function

Front 58

main function of inflammation

Back 58

attract immune components to the site of injury destroy microbes and block invasion

Front 59

diapedesis

Back 59

movement of white blood cells from blood stream into tissues

Front 60

chemotaxis

Back 60

movement of WBC in response to chemical mediators

Front 61

benefits of fever

Back 61

impedes nutrition of bacteria by reducing availability of iron increases metabolism

Front 62

antimicrobial proteins: interferon

Back 62

used against viral infection and cancer

Front 63

antimicrobial proteins: compliment

Back 63

destroy bacteria and viruses

Front 64

cascade

Back 64

1st substance in a chemical series activates the next substance which activates the next and so on until desired product is reached

Front 65

three pathways of the compliment protein

Back 65

classical compliment(specific immune)-antibodies binds to microbial cell

lectin(innate immune)- activated by mannans

alternative(innate immune)- activated by bacterial or fungal cell wall

Front 66

iron binding proteins

Back 66

hemoglobin

transferrin

lactoferrin

ferrtin

Front 67

specific immunity

Back 67

B and T lymphocytes

Front 68

immunocompetence

Back 68

ability of body to react with countless foreign substances

Front 69

specificity

Back 69

highly specific to the antigen against third line of defences

Front 70

3 classes of MHC genes: class I

Back 70

markers appaear on all nucleated cells (not blood cells)

Front 71

3 classes of MHC genes: class II

Back 71

code for immune regulatory markers

found on macrophages, dendritic, B cells

present antigens to T cells

Front 72

3 classes of MHC genes: class III

Back 72

involved with compliment system

Front 73

tissues dendritic cells

Back 73

ingest antigen

process and present T lymphocytes

Front 74

antigen presenting cells

Back 74

dendritic, macrophages, B cells

Front 75

clone

Back 75

proliferation of particular lymphocyte

Front 76

3 main functional types of T cells

Back 76

helper T: activate macrophages

regulatory T: control T cell response

cytotoxic T: lead to destruction of infected host cel

Front 77

when activated by antigen a B cell

Back 77

divides giving rise to plasma cells

Front 78

lymphocytes either become

Back 78

B or T cells

Front 79

immunoglobulins composed of

Back 79

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains that are bonded together by disulfide bond

Front 80

antigenicity

Back 80

property of behaving as an antigen

Front 81

epitope

Back 81

potion of antigen molecule

Front 82

hapten

Back 82

too small by themselves to elicit an immune response

Front 83

alloantigens

Back 83

protein and other molecules of one person that are antigenic to another

responsible for incompatibilities that occur in blood transfussion

Front 84

superantigens

Back 84

bacterial toxins

toxic shock syndrome and certain autoimmune diseases are associated with these antigens

Front 85

cell mediated immunity

Back 85

require direct involvement of T lymphocytes

Front 86

T helper

Back 86

regulate immune reaction to antigens

Front 87

T regulator

Back 87

carry CD4 markers

Front 88

cytotoxicity

Back 88

capacity of certain T cells to kill a specific target

Front 89

killer T cell

Back 89

must recognize foreign peptide complex with self MHC-1 presented to it and mount a direct attack on target cell

Front 90

cells that kill other cells

Back 90

perforins: punch holes in membranes of target cells

granzymes: enzymes attack proteins of target cells

both targeted cells go though death by apoptosis

Front 91

cells targeted by T cells

Back 91

virally infected cells

cancer cells

cell from animals and humans

Front 92

natural killer cells

Back 92

lack specificity to T cells

do not posses antigen receptors

Front 93

hypervariable

Back 93

site on antibody where epitope binds

Front 94

activity of antobody

Back 94

neutralize antigens for which it was formed

opsonization

aggultination

neutralization

antitoxin

Front 95

titer

Back 95

concentration of antibodies in serum

Front 96

primary response

Back 96

occurs with first exposure to antigen

Front 97

secondary or amnesiatie response

Back 97

immune system is exposed again to same immunogen weeks, months, or years later