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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Example of an organism that is invasive
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Syphilis
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Example of two organisms that produce toxins but are not invasive
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Tetanus and Botulism
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What are the 6 vectors that carry an organism?
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Fingers, flies, fomites, food, phlegm, and fun
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Difference between an active/passive vector
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An active vector has the disease but a passive/mechanical vector only carries the organism.
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What are reservoirs of infections?
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Active biologic vectors that not only transmit disease but provide a place of growth and survival for the microbe.
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Examples of active biologic vectors:
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bats-rabies
mosquitoes-malaria rats and prairie dogs- black plague |
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Are fomites reservoirs of infection or sources? Give examples.
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They can serve as both.
Reservoir of infection- soil serves as reservoir for athlete's foot and anthrax Source-needles have Hepatitis B |
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Oligodynamic properties
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Property of metal coins in which a chemical is released to inhibit the growth of G+ bacteria.
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Length of aerosol created by: coughing
sneezing talking |
sneezing- 1 hour
coughing-30 minutes talking-6 minutes |
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ID50
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infectious dose required to infect 50% of the population
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Portal of entry for clostridium tetani
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Through puncture wound so has no effect if it ingested
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Portal of entry for salmonella typhi
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Causes severe disease when ingested. If it is recieved through a puncture wound, a minor infection results.
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dermatophytes
State examples. |
can gain access through hair follicles. Molds and staphylococcus.
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Bacterial/viral organisms that cause infection through respiratory tract as portal of entry
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Bacterial: TB, haemophilis, pneumonia
Viral: Flu, cold, small pox, measles |
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Organisms that cause infection through digestive tract as portal of entry
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E.Coli, Salmonella, Dysentery, Cholera, Hepatitis A and Polio
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Genito-urinary tract infections
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STDs, Toxic Shock Syndrome, Streptococci (strep agalactae), and staphylococci.
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Placental infections
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Syphilis, Taxoplasmosis, AIDS, Hep B, Chlamydia, Rubella, Cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex 1 and 2
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Period of incubation for:
1.Cold/flu 2.TB 3.Leprosy 4.AIDS 5.acute childhood infections (measles,mumps, chicken pox) 6.rabies |
1.1-2 days
2.6 months 3. 2-5 years 4.avg 8 years 5.1-3 weeks 6.1-2 months |
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ID50 for:
Salmonella Anthrax TB |
100,000
8,000 to 10,000 10 |
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sub-clinical dose
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Even though a person may be infected with a disease and can transmit it, symptoms do not show b/c virulence decreased or resistance increased
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Invasive and toxic
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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Exaltation
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increasing the virulence of an organism by passing it from one host to another
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Attenuation
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decreasing the virulence of an organism by exposure to high temp, drying, chemicals, and lab media
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Acute sicknesses
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flu, cold, hep C
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Septicemia
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pathogenic organisms in blood
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organisms that cause pyemia
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staphylococci and streptococci
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Sapremic examples
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Failure to remove the whole placenta after childbirth
Gas gangrene |
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Organisms with hyaluronidase
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clostridium perforinges
streptococcus pyogenes |
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Organisms with collagenase
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clostridium perforinges
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Organisms that are leucocidans
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Staphylococci and streptococci
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Endotoxins
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produced by all gram negative bacteria b/c it's part of the cell wall
released by dead bacteria pyogenic and pyrogenic not heat labile |
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Extotoxins
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produced by G+ bacteria
specific |
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Organisms that produce endotoxin and enterotoxins
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Staph aureus, salmonella, cholera, and shigella
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Diseases specified w/ humans only
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Smallpox, typhoid, coxsackie's
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how many diseases are transferrable b/w humans and animals?
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250 diseases like salmonella and rabies
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Duffy factor
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on the suface of red blood cells. if nonexistent, malaria can't develop b/c it can't get into the cells
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complement
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proteins that help antibodies identify bacteria and virus as foreign by attaching to them so body recognizes them as foreign
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Transient flora
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organisms that are not normally on your skin
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Residents flora
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normally on your skin. secrete fatty acids
antimicrobial |
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How does stomach act as a natural barrier?
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It produces HCl.
inhibits microbial growth Has a thick walled mucous |
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How do the eyes protect itself?
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Tears have lysozymes and ImmunoGobulinA that inhibit G+ growth
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Neutrophils
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granulocytes. most of wbc count. phagocytosis. pus is dead microbes and neutrophils
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Easinophils
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Has lysozymes. Produces toxins against large eukaryotic parasites (fungi, helminthes)
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Basophils
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granulocyte. Produces histamines and heparin. Takes part in inflammation and allergic reactions.
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Histamine
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basil(blood vessel) dilators
allows more blood flow to an area for swelling |
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Heparin
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anti-coagulant (prevents blood from clotting)
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What causes easinophilia
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Fungal, helminthes infections
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What causes neutrophilia
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acute bacterial infections such as staph and strep
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what causes neutropenia?
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typhoid, TB, influenza, measles (MITT), sulfa drugs, radiation,and chloramphenical
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What causes lymphopenia?
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AIDS
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wandering/fixed macrophages
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wandering macrophages circulate in blood until a disease is phagocytosed.
fixed macrophages are histocytes that go into the RES/MPS or lymph drainage system |
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B lymphocytes
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are responsible for blood (humoral) immunity in which antibody production results
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T lymphocytes
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responsible for cell mediated immunity which regulates amount of antibodies
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signs of inflamation
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redness, edema, heat, pain
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types of swelling
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serous-clear (recent wounds to dilute toxins)
purulent-pus. WBC fight infection fibrinogen- clotting-localizes infection |
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Interferons
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proteins with uncertain function/quantity
suppress/inhibit expression of some cancer genes |
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alpha type I interferons
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activate natural killer cells
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beta type I
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interferons that help in the maturation of B and T lymphocytes
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Gamma type II
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interferons that activate macrophages
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Lacroferrin and transoferrin
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proteins that bind to iron as a bacterial growth inhibitor so bacteria cant use the iron
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Reservoir for Mycobacterium Bovis
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Cows
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MOTT
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mycobacterium other than tubercle bacullis: kansasii and aviam. more resistant than TB and doesn't cause infection in healthy ppl
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Primary TB
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pulmonary, most common. spreads through lymphatic system.
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miliay TB
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skin lesions resemble millet seeds
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extrapulmonary TB
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TB enters blood stream to other body parts and causes lesions on organs and body
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Osseous TB
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In bones. rare
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Diagnosis of active/latent TB by:
sputum spear culture x-rays skin test |
sputum-active
culture-active x-rays-active and latent skin test-active |
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Tine Test
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4 prongs with OT or PPD serve as antigens that detect for TB antibodies
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Mantoux Test
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An ID injection of antigents with .1ml water and .1ml PPD
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Diameters of the mantoux test indicate?
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5-9mm + if immunocompromised or in household contact
10-14mm + if foreign born, diabetic, IV drug user, long term care facility resident 15mm + for ALL |
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What explains a false negative for a skin test?
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The tuberculin anergy- antigen doesn't attract the attention of the antibodies b/c they are fighting the active TB
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PCR
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Gene probes that test for TB that don't give false negatives but is more expensive.
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What factors lead to false positive TB skin test?
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Another bacteria in immunocompromised patient or if the patient is vaccinated.
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What other steps must be taken after a positive skin test?
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sputum smear and culture
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What is the DOC for TB?
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Isoniazid (INH); can also be used as a prophylaxis
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Rifater
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Isoniazid
Rifampin Pyrazindamide |
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What other drug is initially used with Rifater while doing TB susceptibility tests?
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Ethambutol or Streptomycin
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Rifamate
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INH and Rifampin
given for two months after drug susceptibility tests |
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What is the drug therapy for TB after an acid fast stain:
negative positive |
negative-rifamate for another 4 months
positive-rifamate for another 7 months |
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What is MDR TB?
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TB that is resistant to IH and Rifampin
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BCG
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Bacillus of Calmetle and Guerin Vaccine for Mycobacterium bovis.
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What is XDR TB?
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TB that is resistant to INH, RIfampin, floroquinolone, and injectable imnoglycoside.
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Diphtheria
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Produces exotoxins(toxemic). Causes heart problems and forms a pseudo membrane in the throat and nasopharynx
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Active immunization
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vaccines such as DTP and DTaP that injects antigens into body to produce antibodies
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Passive immunization
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Placing antibodies directly in body.
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DOC for Diphtheria
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Erythromycin
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Diphtheria Anti-Toxin (DAT)
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diphtheria antibodies from horse that destroy toxin and then are destroyed by the patient's immune system
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Staphylococcus aureus
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G+
Low G&C ratio opportunist some produce TSST1 food toxicity |
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self-limiting disease
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goes away without treatment usually in 24 hours
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Staph food poisoning
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Vomiting and diarrhea
Toxin is not heat labile Causes illness in 3-8 hrs symptoms appear in 1-6 hrs No antibiotics needed |
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Difference between food infection/food toxicity
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food infection is when the growing microbe is consumed
food toxicity is the release of toxin by dead bacteria |
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Beta-hemolytic
+ coagulase test DOC: oxacillin/cloxacillin |
Staph Aureus
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Doc/Alt for MRSA
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Vancomycin, Zyvox(linezoid), or bactrim(trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole), Minacycline, Doxycycline
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Streptococcal pharyngitis
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rhinitis/sinitis (runny nose)
droplet infection 1-3 days incubations strep sore throat in tonsil |
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Scarlatina
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Scarlet Fever
Desquamations strep pyogenes hgih fever, red rash, sore throat |
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Complications of scarlet fever
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mastoiditis, nephritis, otitis media infection/ hearing loss,bacteremia, multiple organ failure
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puerperal sepsis
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childbirth fever
strep pyogenes non suppurative sequelae causes bacteremia |
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rheumatic fever
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1-2 wks. strep pyogenes
causes fever,polyarthritis, heart valve damage Aschoff bodies form |
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hypersensitivity reaction
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When microbe dies, it leaves behind protein so body produces antibodies that destroy the body's proteins
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Prophylactics against rheumatic fever
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Pen G monthly injection
Pen V take orally/month If allergic to Pen, take sulfisoxazole/mth |
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Early onset form of strep agalactiae
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newborn is sick w/in few days. pneumonia and septicemia
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late onset form of strep agalactiae
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newborn is sick few weeks after birth. menignitis sx mental retardation, blinding, deafening, cerebral palsy
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treatment of strep agalactiae
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Pen G and ampicillin
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Contagious impetigo
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Staph aureus or strep pyogenes
Crusty sores around mouth |
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Causees of meningitis
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1.streptococcus pneumonia
2.neisseria meningitis 3.haemophilus influenza |
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Strep mitior
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viridans
found in oral cavity causes endocarditis (damages heart/valves) |
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Strep mutans
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opportunistic strep
May cause endocarditis Turns sugar into acid/causes dental cavities. |
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Enterococcus faecalis
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Feces live in GI
Resistant to vancomycin Can cause endocarditis/UTI G+ spore forming rods, G+ cocci, chains in broth |
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Clostridium vs. Bacillus
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They're both G+, form spores.
Clostridium is anaerobic and Bacillus is aerobic |
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Clostridium Botulinum
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food toxin(heat/age labile)
Type A is most dangerous (neurotoxin) Doesn't grow in high acid food |
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Symptoms of Botulism
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18-36 hours
No vomiting/diarrhea Blurred visions Paralyzes muscles |
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Treatment of Botulism
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Respirator(toxin wears 1-2day)
Antitoxin for Types A,B,E No antibiotics b/c just toxins |
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Wound botulism
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local infection
Caused by black tar heroin Pen G. |
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Infant botulism
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spores in honey & corn sytrup in baby food
baby dies of toxins b/c it doesn't have normal flora to fight infection |
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Clostridium tetani
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found in feces & soil
Neurotoxin/exotoxin Unvoluntary muscle contraction (lockjaw/stop breathing) |
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DOC for tetanus
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Flagyl(metronidazole)
respirator/muscle relaxants/antitoxins (TIG&TAT) |
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TIG
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Tetanus Immuno Globulin
human origin less side reactions antitoxin |
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TAT
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Tetanus AntiToxin
horse(equine) origin alt. to TIG |
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Vaccination for Tetanus
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DPT, DPaT, Tdap, TD
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What do vaccines contain?
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antigen which allows body to produce antibodies against bacteria.
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toxoid
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antigen
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DPT
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diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and pertussis vaccine absorbed
active vaccine/capitalized b/c it's a high dose |
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TD
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tetanus diphtheria toxoids
11-12 yr olds. persistent cough |
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Which vaccine cannot be given to adults b/c of its high dose of live bacteria?
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DPaT Diptheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis vaccine
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Clostridium perforinges
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Gas gangrene; anaerobic; comes out of feces (GI tract)
gas rots tissues |
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DOC for Gas gangrene
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Pen. G
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Clostridium dificile
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Normal flora in intestinal tract but antibiotics like ampicilin kills it.
colon inflammation |
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Treatment for antibiotic associated colitis:
mild severe |
mild-stop antibiotics
severe-take flagyl (metronidazole) |
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Anthrax
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Bacillus anthracis
Cutaneous and pulmonary form |
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cutaneous vs. pulmonary anthrax
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pulmonary is very deadly. DOC is ciprofloxacin
cutaneous has necrotic tissue/looks like gas gangrene |
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Causes walking pneumonia
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DOCs for mycoplasma pneumoniae
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erythromycin, azithromycin, tetracycline.
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