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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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structures of the urinary system (4) |
-kidneys -ureters -urinary bladder -urethra |
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structures of the female reproductive system (4) |
-ovaries -fallopian tubes -uterus -vagina: microorganisms can enter reproductive tract through here |
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structures of the male reproductive system (5) |
-testes -scrotum -system of ducts -accessory glands -penis: microorganism can enter reproductive tract through urethra and skin of penis |
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what two bacteria are normally colonized in the urethra? |
Lactobacillus and Staphylococcus |
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what structures are sterile in the male reproductive system? |
regions above the prostate |
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what affects the amount of microbes in the vagina? |
hormone levels |
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who are usually asymptotic for UTIs and STDs? men or women? |
women |
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symptoms of bacterial UTIs |
-frequent urgent painful urination -cloudy urine with foul odor |
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what are the causative agents of most UTIS? |
enteric bacteria (Escherichia coli most cases) |
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virulence factors for UTIs |
flagella and attachment fimbriae |
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agar that turns color depending on bacteria streaked |
CHROMagar |
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pathogenesis and epidemiology of UTIs |
-self-inoculation of urethra with fecal bacteria -more common in females |
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diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of UTIs |
-diagnosis: urinalysis -treatment: many cases resolve without treatment, but some need antimicrobial drugs prevention: limiting contamination by fecal microbes |
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STD characteristics (3) |
-require person-to-person contact -agents of STDs cant live outside body -Fomites cant transmit STDs |
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two most common STDs? |
1) Chlamydia 2) Gonorrhea |
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causative agent for chancroid |
Haemophilus ducreyi -gram negative, pleomorphic |
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symptoms of chancroid |
-soft chancres (ulcers), pain upon urination -may spread to lymph nodes causing buboes |
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virulence factors for chancroid |
produces a toxin that kills epithelial cells at the site of infection |
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epidemiology of chancroid |
rare in Europe and Americas most are infected during foreign travel (South East Asia) |
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treatment and prevention of chancroid |
treatment: antimicrobial drugs prevention: abstinence or mutual monogamy with an uninfected partner |
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characteristics of chlamydia |
-#1 STD -#1 cause of sterility in young women -85% of women are asymptomatic -only infects genitourinary tract and conjunctiva of eyes -intracellular parasite of humans |
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causative agent of chlamydia |
Chlamydia trachomatis -gram negative cocci |
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-infection characterized by inflammation of urethra accompanied by discharge Example? |
nongonoccoccal urethritis (NGU) chlamydia |
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incubation time for chlyamydia |
1-3 weeks |
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treatment for chlamydia |
-tetracycline -erythromycin for pregnant women |
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mechanism for bacterial STDs (6) |
1) effective body (EB) attaches to host cell 2) EB enters host cell 3) EB converts into reticular body (RB) in vessicle 4) RB divides rapidly resulting in multiple RBs in an inclusion body 5) Most RBs convert back into EBs 6) EBs are released from host cell |
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pathogenesis of chlamydia |
-enter body through abrasions or lacerations and infect cells of the conjunctiva or cells lining mucous membranes of urinary or reproductive tract -in adolescence, infection is associated with increased risk of cervical cancer |
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diagnosis and prevention of chlamydia |
-demonstration of chlamydial DNA following PCR amplification -prevented by abstinence or mutual monogamy with an uninfected partner |
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symptoms of chlamydia in men |
-painful urination, discharge -Lymphogranuloma venereum -buboes may enlarge to point of rupture |
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transient genital lesion at site of infection followed by the development of a bubo |
lymphogranuloma venereum |
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symptoms of chlamydia in newborns |
-disease of eyes called chlamydial opthalmia or trachoma -leading cause of non-traumatic blindness |
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symptoms of chlamydia in women |
-most are asymptomatic, which can lead to sterility -vaginal discharge, burning with urination -inflammation of cervix -Salpingitis -Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
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blockage of the Fallopian tubes |
salpingitis |
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inflammation of uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes can cause chronic pelvic pain, ectopic pregnancy, tubal infertility |
Pelvic inflammatory disease |
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pregnancy outside of the uterus |
ectopic pregnancy |
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characteristics of gonorrhea |
-#2 STD reported -fragile organism. susceptible to a lot of things -likes chocolate agar |
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causative agent for gonorrhea |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae -gram negative diplococci |
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incubation time for gonorrhea |
2-6 days |
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how do you control the spread of gonorrhea |
use of prophylactics, rapid treatment, diagnosis of asymptomatic cases, and public education |
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prevention of gonorrhea |
abstinence or mutual monogamy with an uninfected parter |
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symptoms of gonorrhea in women |
-similar to chlamydia but worse -discharge, burning pee -salpingitis -pelvic inflammatory disease -50% are asymptomatic |
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pathogenesis of gonorrhea |
-Neisseria gonorrhoeae use fimbriae to attach to mucosal cells and sperm |
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symptoms of gonorrhea in newborns and treatment |
gonoccoccal opthalmia (prevented with use of silver nitrate and antibiotics) |
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symptoms of gonorrhea in men |
-painful urination, discharge -testicular pain -swelling of lymph nodes in groin -infection of epididymis (can lead to sterility) -orchitis (swelling of testis) |
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transmission of gonorrhea through oral sex |
gonococcal pharyngitis |
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transmission of gonorrhea through anal sex |
gonococcal proctitis |
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characteristics of syphilis |
-only fatal STD -"the great imitator" |
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incubation time of syphilis |
about three weeks |
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causative agent of syphilis |
Treponema pallidum -gram negative spirochete |
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transmission of syphilis |
intimate human to human contact |
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pathogenesis of syphilis |
enters body through mucous membranes, abrasions or hair follicles |
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treatment of symphilis |
can be treated with antibiotics in primary, secondary, and latent stages, but not in the tertiary stages |
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primary stage of syphilis (4) |
-symptoms: chancre (painless ulcer with raised margins and hard edges -develops at site of entry -contains spirochetes -disappears spontaneously after about 3-8 weeks |
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secondary stage of syphilis (5) |
-looks like other diseases -symptoms: fever, flu-like illness, swollen lymph nodes (mono) -skin rash (like measles or chicken pox) -patchy hair loss, jaundice (like hepatitis) -still infectious in latent stage |
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tertiary stage of syphilis (4) |
-characterized by gumma (soft, gummy, granular lesions that will burst blood vessels) -leads to degeneration of NT, skin, bone -insanity, then blindness, then death -possible paralysis |
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what is congenital syphilis |
-occurs when Treponema pallidum spirochetes penetrate placenta after 4th month |
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symptoms of congenital syphilis |
-skin lesions, bad bone formation, meningitis -Hutchinson's triad |
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Hutchinson's triad |
-deafness -impaired vision -notched, peg shaped teeth |
