Microbio

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3 Domains

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Bacteria: true bacteria, peptidoglycans

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Archaea

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Odd bacteria, live in extreme environments

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Eukarya

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have nucleus and organelles

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384-322

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Aristotle and Greeks believed that living organisms developed from non living

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1590

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Hans and Zacharias Janssen, Dutch lens grinders, produce first compound microscope by mounting 2 lens in a tube

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1660

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Robert Hooke ( 1635-1703) published 'micrographia' in 1660 which contained drawings and detailed observations of the biological materials

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1676

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Anton van leeuwenhoek (1635-1703) was the first person to observe microorganisms, describing rods and spheres observed in the scrapings from his teeth

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1688

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Francesco redi (1626-1678), italian physician, first refuted idea of spontaneous generation through experimentation by showing that rotting meat carefully kept away from exposure to flies will not spontaneously produce maggots.

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1861

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louis pasteur (1822-1895) swan-necked flasks showed that microorganisms do not arise through spontaneous generation

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1546

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hieronymus fracastorius (girolamo fracastoro) wrote 'on contagion', which is first known discussion of phenomenon of contagious infection

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1835

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agostino bass de lodi showed that fungus was responsible for disease affecting silkworms. this discovery marks first microorganism to be identified responsible for a disease

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1865

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pasture identified a protozoan responsible for another silk worm disease

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ignaz semmelweis

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1818- 1865, noted hungarian physician, showed that doctors in vienna hospitals were responsible for spreading puerperal fever while delivering babies. he introduced infection control in 1840's by having doctors under his supervision wash their hands between pt contacts.

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1860's

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joseph lister (1827-1912) noted english surgeon, introduced antiseptics in surgery through use of carbolic acid to clean and kill bacteria on surgical instruments, and wounds and dressings. his success reduced surgical mortality due to bacterial infection resulted in this practice to readily be adopted by other surgeons

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1876

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robert koch (1843-1910) german bacteriologist was first to cultivate rod shaped anthrax bacteria, bacillus antrais, outside the body using blood serum and subsequently injected these bacteria into healthy cattle resulting in the disease state. he published 'koch's apostulates' in 1884 which form the critical test method for proof that a microorganism is the cause of a disease, although it should be noted that there are a few diseases that fall outside of the postulates

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koch's postulates

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-pathogen must be present in every case of the disease

-pathogen must be isolated and cultured in vitro

-disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the pathogen is inoculated into a susceptible host

-pathogen must be recoverable from the experimentally-infected host

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china 1000 b.c.

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smallpox was endemic. prevention through practice of variolation, induction of mild form of the disease; inhalation, sniffing of dried crusts from smallpox lesion and later this practice changed to inoculation through the use of pus from lesion scratched into the skin

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edward jenner

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14th may 1796, took scrapings from cowpox lesions and used them when scratching arm of young boy. small bump appeared in a few days, followed by mild illness of cowpox. july 1st, he directly exposed that same boy to smallpox with result of no smallpox disease development, confirms vaccination

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peptidoglycan

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contains unique sugar called muramic acide. found only in cell walls of prokaryotes, and nowhere else in nature. eubacteria contain muramic acid with archaebacteria containing pseudomurein of a differing structure

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eubacteria, or true bacteria

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most range between .20 and 2.o mcm in diameter with length from 2-9 mcm

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coccus

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spherical (plural cocci, means berries), upon division, cocci remain attached to each other

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diplococci

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form pairs after dividing

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streptococci

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form chainlike patterns after dividing

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tetrads

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form groups of four after dividing

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sarcinae

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for cubelike groups of eight after dividing

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staphylococci

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form broad sheets or grapelike clusters after dividing

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bacilli

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rods, divide only across diameter, thus fewer newer arrangements, most bacilli are single rods in a group

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diplobacilli

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form pairs after division

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streptobacilli

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form chains after division with some bacilli looking like straws, some bacilli look like cigars

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coccobacilli

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oval and look much like cocci

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spirilla and spirochetes with vibrios

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are curved and spiral bacteria, vibrios are curved and look like commas, spirilla are helical and look like corkscrew, spirochetes are helical but have flagella and an axial filament for movement

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stella and haloarcula

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star and square shaped, respectively

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cell envelope

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differentiates the two groups of bacteria; gram positive and gram negative

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capsule

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presence of capsule may be related to virulence of bacteria. usually it is polysaccharide the the layer is made from, however some use a polypeptide (polyglutamic acid). when loosely attached to cell wall, it is called a slime layer. both capsule or slime layer can be described generally as glyocalyx

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protection from phagocytosis

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capsule

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streptococcus pneumonia that are polysaccharide capsulated strains

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produce pneumococcal pneumonia, uncapsulated strains fail to produce pneumonia

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bacillus antracis has this kind of capsule

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D-glutamic acid capsule

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hemophilus inf

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pneumonia and meningitis in children especially

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klebsiella pneumonia

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bacterial pneumonia. attaches in resp tract

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yesinia pestis

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bubonic plague

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how does the sticky glycocalyx help bacteria?

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by helping attach to surfaces

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streptococcus mutans

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attaches to surface of teeth, important cause for dental caries. when sugar stores are low, may use polysaccharide capsule for a nutrient and energy source

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inflammation process includes

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a. dilation of arterioles and venules, increasing blood flow. redness and warmth

b. opening of the endothelial cell junctions in the post-capillary venule which will allow plasma proteins to flow into the tissue

c. first, adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells of the post - capillary venule, and second by migration of phagocytes into the tissue

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bacterial diseases of resp tract

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tb, dip, pertussis, strep, pneumonia, legionnaires', meningitis, chlamydial

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viral diseases of resp tract

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common cold, flu, measles, mumps, chickenpox, rubella, pneumonia

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fungal disease of resp tract

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cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, aspergillosis

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protozoal disease of resp tract

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pneumocystitis carinii pneumonia

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bacterial gi infection

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typhoid fever, used to be notifiable

cholera, is notifiable

salmonellosis

e. coli

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e coli

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one of large group of heterogeneous enteric gram negative rods, enterbacteriaceae. becomes pathogenic when in urinary tract, leading cause of uti.

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enteropathic e coli

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epec. previously associated with nursery diarrhea outbreaks in developed countries. important cause of infant diarrhea in developing countries. self limited watery diarrhea is the usual result of epec infection. abo shorten diarrhea course and cure epec infection

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enterotoxigenic e coli

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etec. probably cause 50-60% of traveler's diarrhea. etec produces a heat labile exotoxin (LT) which results in hypersecretion of water and chlorides as well as inhibiting reabsorption, resulting in diarrhea. LT stimulates antibodies with people who reside in areas where etec is prevalent in water supply, having antibodies lessens risk for diarrhea on re exposure

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enterhemorrhagic e coli

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ehec strains have become an emerging infectious disease, in particular e coli O157:H7. produces an afebrile hemorrhagic diarrhea and as serious complication, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) characterized by blood in the urine and and kidney failure.