Microbial Metabolism

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Bioenergetics

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Transfer and utilization of energy in biological system

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Change in enthalpy

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Measure of change in heat content of reactants and products

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Pababa ang direction ng rxn

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Exothermic reaction

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Orderliness of molecules

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Change in Entropy

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Predicts the direction which the reaction will spontaneously proceed

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Change in free energy

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All delta Gs of a pathway is...

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Additive

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ATP is composed of

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Adenosine molecules and 3 phosphate groups

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Substrate phospo occurs in...

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Cytosol and Mitochondria

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Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in...

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Mitrochondria

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Series of rxn that converts glucose to co2

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Aerobic respiration

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Aerobic respiration utilizes

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Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETC

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Anaerobic respiration uses

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No-, SO 2 -, CO 3-

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Sum of all the chemical rxn in the cell

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Metabolism

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Metabolism site: Mitochondria

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Fatty acid oxidative, acetyl COA production, TCA cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation and ketogenesis

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Metabolism site: Cytoplasm

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Glycolysis, HMP shunt, synthesis of cholesterol (smooth ER) and synthesis of protein (rough ER)

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Other pathway na pwedeng mangyayari on both metabolism site

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Heme synthesis, Urea cycle, gluconeogenesis

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Other term for Pentose Phosphate Pathway

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Hexos monophosphate shunt

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Steps on glycolysis that produces ATP

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1,3-biphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate and conversion of Phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

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Step in glycolysis that produces NADH

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3-phosphoglycerate to 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate

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End product of Anaerobic glycolysis

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Lactate

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End product of aerobic glycolysis

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Pyruvate

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Entner-Duoderoff uses what to create pyruvate from glucose

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6-phosphogluconate dehydratase and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate idolase

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Krebs cycle is also called as

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Tricarboxylic acid cycle or citric acid cycle

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Major formation of ATP

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Krebs cycle

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Substrate in Krebs cycle

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Acetyl CoA

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Rate limiting step in Krebs cycle

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Conversion of isocitrate to alpha-kethoglutarate

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Citrate will be converted into Isocitrate using what enzyme

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Aconitase

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Inhibitor in the conversion of citrate to isocitrate

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Fluoroacetate

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TCA intermediates

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Citrate, Succinyl CoA, Malate

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Last phase of respiration

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ETC

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Complexes of ETC

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1.NAD dehydrogenase

2. Succinate dehydrogenase

3. Cytochrome B-C1 complex

4. Cytochrome C oxidase

5.

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Inhibitor of complex 1

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Rotenone, metformin, amytal, barbiturates, piericidine A

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Inhibitors of complex 2

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Malonate and carboxin

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Inhibitors complex 3

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Antimycin A and dimercaprol

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Inhibitors complex 4

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Azide, Cyanide, Carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide

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Catabolism

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Oxidative process

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Also known as protein catalyst

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Enzymes

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Also known as reductive process

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Anabolism

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Anabolism can be seen in...

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lipogenesis, glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, photosynthesis, and chemosynthesis

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Catabolism produces energy using

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UTP or Uridine 5 triphosphate

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Classes of enzymes

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Oxidoreductase, Transferase, Hydrolase, Lyases, Isomerase, Ligase

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Oxidoreductase

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Catalyze the addition and removal of electrons

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It catalyze hydrolytic rxn

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Hydrolase

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It catalyzes the transfer of a chemical group from one substrate to another

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Transferase

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Lyase

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Catalyze the removal of groups of substrate w/o water

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Catalyzes the cleavage of carbon to carbon bond and carbon-nitrogen bonding

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Lyase

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It catalyze the intramolecular arrangements of the substrate to form a different isome

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Isomerase

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It catalyzes the formation of bonds between carbon, oxygen and nitrogen

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Ligases

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Two enzyme theory

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Lock and key, and induced fit

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Enzyme theory by Emil Fisher

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Lock and Key

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Enzyme theory proposed by Kochland

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Induced fit model

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N

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M

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Enzymes that contains proteins only

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Simple enzymes

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Enzymes consisting of a protein part + non protein component

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Complex enzymes

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Types of enzymes

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Holoenzyme, Apoenzyme, Cofactors, Coenzymes, Cosubstrate, Prosthetic group

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active enzymes+non-protein component

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Holoenzyme

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Rules of enzyme nomenclature

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1st digit place the enzyme based in it's classification

2nd digit - subclass

3rd digit - subsubclass

4th digit - a serial number that is specific to each enzyme in a subclass

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enzymes without its non-protein component-inactive

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Apoenzymes

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non-protein component that is a metal ion

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Cofactors

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non-protein component that is a small organic molecule

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Coenzyme

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co-enzyme that only transiently associated with enzyme

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COsubstrate

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Co-enzyme that permanently associated with enzyme

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Prosthetic group

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Coenzyme + Apoenzyme =

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Holoenzyme

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Types of Enzyme Inhibitor

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Competitive and Non-competitive

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Inhibitor that interferes with the active site of the enzyme resulting to substrate can't bind to the enzyme

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Competitive

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Competitor changes the shape of the enzyme so it can not bind to the substrate

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Non-competitive

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Slowest step of a metabolic pathway

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Rate limiting Enzyme

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Principal Serum Enzyme Used in Clinical Diagnosis

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Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, Amylase, Creatin kinase, y-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 5, alkaline phosphatase

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For detection of myocardial infarction

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Aspartate aminotransferase

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For detection of viral hepatitis

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Alanine aminotransferase

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for detection of acute pancreatitis

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Amylase

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for detection of muscle disorders and MI

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Creatinine kinase

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y-glutamyl is for the detection of...

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Liver diseases

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lactate dehydrogenase isozyme 5 is for the detection of...

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Liver diseases

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For the detection of bone disorders and obstructive liver disease

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Alkaline phosphatase

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How is ATP produced in substrate level phosphorylation?

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thru Glycolysis and Citric Acid Cycle

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How is ATP produced ?

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via substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation

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Substrate level phos. occurs in...

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Cytosol and Mitochondria

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Incomplete oxidation of glucose

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Fermentation

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Synthesis of compounds from smaller raw materials

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Anabolic

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endergonic and divergent process

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Anabolic

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to destroy/break larger molecule

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Catabolic

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usually oxidative rxn

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Catabolic

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Examples of catabolic processes

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Glycolysis, Beta oxidation, and glycogenosis

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crossroads of metabolism

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amphibolic

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example of amphibolic

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Citric acid cycle

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Beta oxidation occurs in

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Mitochondria

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Glycolysis occurs in

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Cytoplasm

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Acetyl CoA occurs on

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Mitochondria

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Oxidative phospho occurs in

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Mitochondria

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Ketogenesis occurs in

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Mitochondria

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HMP shunt occurs in

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Cytoplasm

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synthesis of cholesterol occurs in

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smooth ER

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synthesis of protein occurs in

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rough ER

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pathways that may occur in both mitochondria and cytoplasm

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Heme synthesis, Urea cycle, and Gluconegenesis

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other term for glycolysis

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Embdem Meyerhoff Parnas pathway

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glycolysis is the stepwise conversion of...

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Glucose to pyruvate

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end product of glycolysis can be

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pyruvate/lactate

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rate limiting step of glycolysis

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fructose6-phosphate-> fructose 1,6-phosphate

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three rate limiting enzyme in glycolysis

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Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1, pyruvate kinase

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Fates of pyruvate

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Lactate, Ethanol, Acetyl CoA, Oxaloacetate

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Process of HMP shunt/ Pentose phosphate pathway

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Glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconate to ribulose-5-phosphate to ribose-5-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate to glycolysis

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Bacteria tht substitute from glycolysis with Entner duodoroff pathway, as they may lack essential enzyme

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Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, Azobacter, Agrobacterium

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substrate of kreb's cycle

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Acetyl CoA

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End product of Kreb's cycle

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2CO2, 1 GTP, 3 NADPH, 1 FADh2

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Rate limiting step of kreb cycle

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Conversion of isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate

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what is being produced in the conversion of isocitrate to alpha ketoglutarate

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CO2 and NADH

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