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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
Microbe |
A very tiny organism, includes species of bacteria, Archaea, and some eukaryotes |
What does micro- mean? |
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Bacterial niches |
Decomposers, nitrogen-fixation, nitrification/denitrification, digestion, prevent bad bacteria from settling, etc. |
Bushman's fish tank, the soil, dead organisms |
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5 kingdom system |
Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Monera |
A,P,F,P,M (couldn't come up with a good mnemonic...) |
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Cell walls (BAE) |
Bacteria: peptidoglycan (murein), Archaea: pseudomurein, Eukarya: cellulose |
What do plants have? |
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Cell membranes |
Bacteria: phospholipids, Archaea: glycerol & isoprenoid chains, Eukarya: phospholipids |
Hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails. |
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rRNA |
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya do not all have the same rRNA sequences |
Are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya very similar? |
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Histones |
Prevent transcription by having DNA wrap around it. Bacteria: no histones, Archaea: similar structure, Eukarya: histones present |
Epigenetics |
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Habitat |
Bacteria: everywhere, Archaea: extreme environments, Eukarya: everywhere |
Where do you see the BAE? |
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Introns |
Non-coding portions of the DNA. Bacteria: No introns, Archaea: Some have introns, Eukarya: introns present |
Can bacteria use eukaryotic DNA? |
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Methanogens |
Use CO2 as energy and methane as waste (chemiautotrophs), anaerobic, found in termites' digestive tract, Siberian tundra, and human & dog intestines |
Methan - o - gen |
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Thermophiles |
REALLY LIKE THE HEAT, found in sulfur hot springs (pH 1-5, temp. 90 degrees C), also found in deep ocean vents (temp. 105 degrees C) |
Thermo - phile |
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Halophiles |
LOVE SALT, live in Dead Sea, Great Salt Lake, and evaporative salt ponds, usually salinity is 10x higher than worlds' oceans |
Halo (salt) - phile |
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Bacteria shapes |
Sphere a.k.a. cocci (alone, pairs, chains, clusters, gram positive), Rod a.k.a. bacilli (alone, chains, gram negative), Helices a.k.a. spirilla (forever alone :3, gram negative) |
O, -, ~ |
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Cell Walls (gram positive vs gram negative) |
Gram positive: simple, stain purple, large, in outer layer, no membrane; gram negative: complex, stain pink, small, covered by outer layer of membrane |
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Cocci examples |
Staphylococcus and Streptococcus |
End in coccus |
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Bacilli examples |
Salmonella |
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Spirilla examples |
Streptobacillus monoliformis and Spirillum minus |
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Bacterial communication |
Quorum sensing, vibrio fischeri density molecule for light, found in firefly squid, includes Streptococcus quorum and Staphylococcus sps. |
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Virus features |
Not alive, can reproduce and evolve by natural selection, surrounded by capsid, DNA or RNA, single or double stranded, retroviruses use RNA with reverse transcriptase, some have phospholipid bilayer viral envelope |
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Yeast |
Genus saccharomyces, kingdom fungi, used for alcoholic fermentation, nonmotile, chitin cell walls, extracellular digestion, |
Like mushrooms, make bread rise, moving yeast? |
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Yeast Reproduction |
Budding or fission, sexually (a and alpha) under stress |
Remember the picture |
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Amoeba |
Locomotion by pseudopodia, intracellular digestion, use contractile vacuoles for osmoregulation, Naegleria fowleri (brain eaters) |
"Fake feet," |
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Amoeba reproduction |
Binary fission (bacteria do it too) |
Like early atomic bombs |
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Plasmodium |
Intracellular digestion, 200 different species, found in mosquitos causes malaria, move by gliding on substrate, sporozoites --> gametocytes, pesticides and preventing standing water stop mosquito reproduction |
Think disease (malaria) |
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Paramecium |
Intracellular digestion, move by cilia, take food in by mouth, primarily freshwater, endosymbiosis with bacteria and viruses |
Om nom nom |
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Euglena |
Autotrophic and heterotrophic, has chloroplast and gathers food, flagella, no cell wall, kingdom protista |
Hybrid |
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Chlorella |
Single green-celled algae, chlorophyll a and b in chloroplast, used to describe Calvin cycle, planktonic (cannot swim), cell wall cellulose, kingdom protista, make lipids and release them to be less dense and float, photic zone |
Chlor- |
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Types of nitrogen fixation |
Mutualistic nitrogen fixation (Rhizobium sps and legumes), Free-living nitrogen fixation (Azotobacter sps), Industrial nitrogen fixation (burn fossil fuels to produce fertilizer) |
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Nitrification and Denitrification |
Nitrification: oxygen added to ammonia and nitrates are produced, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter turn nitrite into nitrate Denitrification: Remove nitrites and nitrates and put N2 gas into air, Pseudodomonas denitrificans |
It's in the middle of the cycle and the end |
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Conditions for Nitrification and Denitrification |
Nitrification: Aerobic, Neutral pH, Warm Denitrification: Anaerobic, Abundant nitrate or nitrite |
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Sewage and microbes |
Excessive rain or mechanical failure, sewage released into bodies of water, bacteria |
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