Microb Exam Finmal

Front 1

unicellular fungi are referred to as _____

Back 1

yeasts

Front 2

asexual reproduction in fungi involves the use of _____

Back 2

conidia

Front 3

sexual reproduction in fungi involves the use of ______

Back 3

a. zygospores
b. basidiospores
c. ascospores

Front 4

fungi that can grow in either the yeast or mold form depending on environmental conditions exhibit _____

Back 4

dimorphism

Front 5

all of the following are characteristics or components of innate immunity except

Back 5

memory

Front 6

____ released from injured tissues recruits responding leukocytes to damaged sites

Back 6

chemotactic factor

Front 7

the cells of the epidermis contain _____, waterproofing protein that provides strength to the outer layer of skin

Back 7

keratin

Front 8

which of the following cell types produce mucus in the lower respiratory tract?

Back 8

goblet cell

Front 9

tears contain of all the following except ____

Back 9

sebum

Front 10

all of the following lysozyme except ____

Back 10

stomach acid

Front 11

low pH is associated with all of the following except ______

Back 11

tears

Front 12

which of the following is a cellular mechanism that participates in the second line of defense in innate immunity

Back 12

phagocytosis

Front 13

all of the following are examples of granulocytes except _____

Back 13

B lymphocytes
monocytes

Front 14

differentiate into macrophages at the sites of inflammation

Back 14

monocytes

Front 15

all of the following describe the activity of mast cells except

Back 15

release peforin and granzyme to kill target cells

Front 16

dendritic cells located in the skin are referred to as ____-

Back 16

langerhans cells

Front 17

which of the following is incorrect regarding natural killer cells

Back 17

recognize target cells using toll-like receptors

Front 18

pathogens are internalized by phagocytes through the formation of ____

Back 18

pseudopodia

Front 19

which of the following is not a trigger of vasodilation?

Back 19

leukocyte endogenous mediator

Front 20

examples of acute phase proteins include ______

Back 20

mannose - binding protein
C - reactive protein

Front 21

body temperature is regulated by the _____

Back 21

hypothalamus

Front 22

which of the following is a mismatched pair?

Back 22

alternative pathway of complement: mannose - binding protein

Front 23

which of the following are outcomes of complement activation

Back 23

1. membrane attack complex
2.opsonization
3. inflammation

Front 24

antiviral proteins are synthesized by neighboring cells but require ____ to become activated

Back 24

double stranded RNA

Front 25

the concentration of antibody in the serum generated in response to an infectious pathogen is called the _____

Back 25

titer

Front 26

the b-cell antigen receptor is called a _____

Back 26

immunoglobulin

Front 27

T - cell receptors have _____ of antigen - binding sites in comparison with B - cell receptors

Back 27

half the number

Front 28

specialized antigen - collecting cells of the gastrointestinal tract are called _____

Back 28

M cells

Front 29

which of the following explains T cell homeostasis in the elderly

Back 29

long lived t cells divide by mitosis in periphery

Front 30

lymphocytes bearing antigen receptors that have a high degree of affinity for self antigen undergo ______ during B cell development

Back 30

clonal deletion

Front 31

long lived lymphocytes that respond more rapidly and effectively on antigen encounter at a later time are known as ____ cells

Back 31

memory

Front 32

the isotype of an antibody is determined by the ____

Back 32

constant region of the heavy chain

Front 33

the location on the immunoglobulin that contributes to the unique antigen-binding site is referred to as the ____

Back 33

hypervariable region

Front 34

all of the following are examples of chemical interactions used to facilitate the binding of antigen to antibody except

Back 34

peptide bonds

Front 35

____ is the predominant antibody made during a primary immune response, and it consists of ____ antigen binding sites

Back 35

IgM; ten

Front 36

the movement of antibodies across epithelial barriers is called ____?

Back 36

transcytosis

Front 37

when antigen binds to _____ on the surface of mast cells, inflammatory mediators are released, provoking vomiting, coughing, and sneezing

Back 37

IgE

Front 38

Babies who breast feed are afforded passive immune protection of their gastrointestinal tracts by the presence of ____ in colostrum

Back 38

IgA

Front 39

_____ protects the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts by inhibiting the adherence of pathogens to host cell surfaces

Back 39

IgA

Front 40

the production of armed effector T cells is made possible by all of the following except ____

Back 40

mast cells

Front 41

which of the following accurately describes the morphological appearance of a mast cell after it has been activated

Back 41

the absence of dark granules in the cytoplasm

Front 42

all of the following are consequences of macrophage activation except ____

Back 42

the release of perforin

Front 43

cytotoxic T cells use all of the following to destroy target cells with the exception of ____

Back 43

transforming growth factor - beta

Front 44

all of the following are characteristics of memory cells except ______

Back 44

once generated they do not undergo cell division

Front 45

which of the following is a mismatched pair

Back 45

antisepsis; inanimate objects

Front 46

degerming is best describe as ____

Back 46

a mechanical process for removing microbes

Front 47

a bacteriostatic agent is one that

Back 47

inhibits the growth of the microbe

Front 48

which of the following is not susceptible to the effects of surfactants

Back 48

non-enveloped viruses

Front 49

the microbial death rate associated with antimicrobial agents is ___

Back 49

logarithmic

Front 50

of the following, the most effective method of nucleic acid disruption is _____

Back 50

radiation

Front 51

microbial death has occurred if ______

Back 51

reproductive capability is lost even when microbe is placed in optimal conditions

Front 52

which of the following is not used as an antiseptic for skin

Back 52

formaldehyde

Front 53

a ____ is a solution made by combining alcohol with another antimicrobial compound

Back 53

tincture

Front 54

the thermal death time is _____

Back 54

the shortest period required to kill al microbes at a particular temperature

Front 55

which of the following is a mismatched pair

Back 55

ethylene oxide; dialysis machines

Front 56

which of the following is ued to destroy endospores in a liquid medium that will subsequently be used to culture bacteria

Back 56

pressurized steam

Front 57

which of the following is a mismatched pair

Back 57

food preservation: hypotonic medium

Front 58

penicillin resistance in bacteria is conferred by the production of _____

Back 58

B-lactamase

Front 59

augmentin combines amoxicillin with ____ to overcome enzymatic resistance to the antibiotic by the microbe

Back 59

potassium clavulanate

Front 60

which of the following antibiotics is mismatched with its mode of action

Back 60

vancomycin: inhibition of cell wall synthesis in gram-negative bacteria

Front 61

the efficacy of penicillin is highest during the _____ phase of the bacterial life cycle

Back 61

log

Front 62

Cephalosporins are more effective than the penicillins against gram - negative bacteria because ____

Back 62

1.they are able to penetrate the outer membrane through the porin molecules
2.they are resistant to B - lactamase enzyme activity

Front 63

which of the following antibiotics contains a double bond in the B - lactam ring that protects against B - lactamase cleavage

Back 63

carbapenems

Front 64

which of the following is the drug combination of choice when treating tuberculosis?

Back 64

isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin

Front 65

All of the following target the 30S ribosomal subunit except _____

Back 65

erthyromycin

Front 66

all of the following target the 50S ribosomal subunit except ______

Back 66

streptomycin

Front 67

disruption of DNA synthesis occurs if _____ is targeted by antibiotics

Back 67

bacterial topoisomerase

Front 68

the process used to generate thousands of drugs daily with the aid of a computer program is referred to as ____

Back 68

combinatorial chemistry

Front 69

a _____ is a antimicrobial compound that is activated enzymatically after its introduction into the body

Back 69

prodrug

Front 70

which of the following is a mismatched pair in reference to antibiotic compounds composed of peptide fragments and where they are derived from?

Back 70

defensins: gram negative bacteria

Front 71

which of the following is not a drug used for viral infections

Back 71

ritonavir

Front 72

which of the following is not a drug used for fungal infections

Back 72

foscarnet

Front 73

which of the following is not a drug used for protozoan and heliminth infections

Back 73

griseofulvin