Micro Test #2

Front 1

The functional unit of genetic information

Back 1

Gene

Front 2

Super coming is important for DNA structure because?

Back 2

It makes DNA smaller so that it can fit inside the cell

Front 3

Plasmids

Back 3

-small circular DNA found in bacteria and eukaryotes.

- Different sizes

- aren't essential to bacteria but they help with survival

Front 4

Chromosomes

Back 4

- are in the nucleus

-only seen during interphase

- Chromosomes are two strands of DNA

- covered in proteins

- Carries genetic information

Front 5

DNA replication always proceeds in only one direction because the ________ of the incoming nucleotide is attached to the free _____ of the growing DNA strand.

Back 5

5' and 3'

Front 6

The template for RNA polymerase is?

Back 6

a strand of DNA

Front 7

The new RNA chain is _____ to the template.

Back 7

Anti parallel

Front 8

IS the process of transcription, promoters are specific sequences of _____ recognized by ______

Back 8

DNA; sigma factors

Front 9

Stop codons are also called?

Back 9

nonsense codons

Front 10

The Tat system is involved in

Back 10

Gram positive bacteria

Front 11

The function of DNA polymerase is to catalyze

Back 11

the addition of deoxynucleotides

Front 12

Transcription in eukaryotes occur in the ?

Back 12

Nucleus

Front 13

During DNA replication Okazaki fragments are linked together by_____ an enzyme that creates phosphodiester bonds between nicked fragments of DNA.

Back 13

DNA ligase

Front 14

Central dogma

Back 14

DNA --> RNA --> Protein

Front 15

Converting DNA code into mRNA is

Back 15

Translation

Front 16

Translation happens in the?

Back 16

Cytoplasm

Front 17

A string of Amino acids makes up

Back 17

A protein

Front 18

Instead of Thymine, RNA has

Back 18

Uracil

Front 19

Most prokaryotic genomes are?

Back 19

Double stranded circular DNA

Front 20

Inverted repeats are common features of transcription termination sequences in?

Back 20

All three domains of life

Front 21

IN nature, the predominate form of DNA is?

Back 21

Supercoiled in a negative direction

Front 22

Genes are found on plasmids and do impact?

Back 22

Metabolism or cellular structures

Front 23

DNA replication is a

Back 23

Bidirectional in prokaryotes with circular chromosome

Front 24

RNA acts as both?

Back 24

genetic and the functional levels

Front 25

RNA is capable of?

Back 25

forming a secondary structure

Front 26

The formation of DNA

Back 26

Requires energy

Front 27

DNA replication involves the synthesis of an RNA primer on?

Back 27

One strand of the DNA

Front 28

mRNA

Back 28

Messenger RNA carries copies of instructions forthe assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell

Front 29

rRNA

Back 29

Ribosomal RNA: in the cytoplasm; directs thetranslation of mRNA into proteins

Front 30

tRNA

Back 30

transfer RNA: in thecellular cytoplasm and is involved in protein synthesis

Front 31

What is the main enzyme that transcribes DNA into RNA

Back 31

RNA polymerase

Front 32

How does RNA polymerase know where to start and stop?

Back 32

RNA polymerase will only bindto DNA in an area called the promoter region, which have specific basesequences. There are also non-coding regions of DNA called terminationsequences which tell RNA polymerase to stop transcribing.

Front 33

Describein detail how RNA is edited prior to leaving the nucleus (only in Eukaryotes).

Back 33

The pieces removed are called introns(intervening sequences) and are cut out why the RNA is still inside thenucleus. The remaining portions, called exons, or expressed sequences, arespliced back together to form the final mRNA.

Front 34

Whatmonomers make up polypeptide chains (proteins)?

Back 34

Proteins

Front 35

The language of mRNA instructions is called the genetic code. This code is a chain of nucleotides. This code is read by ribosomes in 3 letter sequences called?

Back 35

codons

Front 36

What is the first amino acid laid down in every protein made in eukaryotes?

Back 36

Methionine

Front 37

Translation begins when the mRNA molecule in the cytoplasm attaches to a ribosome. This is called?

Back 37

initiation

Front 38

The three bases on the tRNA molecule, called the _________, are complimentary to one of the mRNA codons

Back 38

anticodons

Front 39

Like an assembly line worker who attacks one part to another, the ribosome forms a peptide bond between the first and second amnio acid called what?

Back 39

Elongation

Front 40

When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, itreleases the newly formed polypeptide and the mRNA molecule, completing theprocess of translation. This is called what?

Back 40

termination

Front 41

The function unit of genetic information is the....

Back 41

gene

Front 42

the function od DNA gyrate is....

Back 42

introduces supercoil into DNA

Front 43

Eukaryotic genes have coding and noncoding regions called?

Back 43

Exons= coding sequence

Introns= intervening sequence

Front 44

3 enzymes involved in replication are....

Back 44

Helicase

Primase

DNA Polymerase

Front 45

The site of initiation of transcription

Back 45

promoter

Front 46

Occur when proteins are exposed to extremes of heat, pH, or certain chemicals

Back 46

Denaturation

Front 47

Occur when ribosomes reaches a stop codon

Back 47

Termination RNA--> proteins

Front 48

Three informational macromolecules in cell

Back 48

DNA, RNA, Proteins

Front 49

The portion of an enzyme to which substrates bind is referred to as the....

Back 49

Active site

S------ E----- P

Front 50

Amino acids are linked by _____ bonds to form a -______

Back 50

peptide; polypeptide

Front 51

The central dogma of molecular biology

Back 51

DNA -trancription--> RNA -- translation--> proteins

Front 52

A bacterium we have worked with in the lab

Back 52

proteus vulgans

Pseudomonas aenginosa

Front 53

Aseptic technique refers to....

Back 53

series of practices to avoid contamination

Front 54

The structure and function of a protein are determined by its _____ sequence.

Back 54

amino acid

Front 55

The function of RNA polymerase is to...

Back 55

Copy DNA sequence into RNA sequence in`

Front 56

The embed-Myerhof-parnas pathway is another name for

Back 56

Glycolysis

Front 57

3 types of RNA involved in transcription

Back 57

tRNA, rRNA, mRNA

Front 58

The function of the DNA polymerase is to catalyze

Back 58

to make DNA from nucleotides

Front 59

genetic elements that replicate independently of the host chromosome are called

Back 59

Plasmids

Front 60

Bacteria that has 52 distinct ribosomal proteins

Back 60

Escherichia Coli