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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Major reasons: control microbial growth
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1.prevention/ treatment of infection (general)
2. prevention of infection 3. prevention of food spoilage |
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sterilization
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complete destruction of all microbes on an object
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disinfection
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the reduciton or inhibition of microbial growht on a NON-LIVING object
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antisepsis
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the reduction or inhibition of microbial growth on LIVING tissue
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bacterial death curve
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bacteria die at a fixed exponential rate:
log plot: straight downward sloping line (like death phase) |
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How to harm bacteria
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1. damage cell wall
2. change or distroy membrane permeability 3. damage protines and or nucleic acids: messes up enzyme or inhibit dna replication/protein synth 4. physical or chemical agents |
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(4) of harm bacteria
Physical agents |
1. heat
2. moist heat 3.dry heat 4. cold 5. dessication 6. Filtration 7 osmotic pressure treatment 8. Radiation |
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1. heat-
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i.quickly denatures protiens;
ii. damage membrane (more fluid) iii. denatures DNA and RNA |
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2. moist heat
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i. boiling
ii.autoclaving iii. pasteurization |
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boiling
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kills most bacteria in 10 min, endospores and viruses resistant.
30 min for water |
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autoclaving
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moist heat under dry pressure. 121C 15psi 2atm
- sterilizing culture media and lab instruments. |
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pasteurization
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short duration/ high temp treatment of food (72C for 15 sec)
- does not sterilize but kill bacterial |
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dry heat
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kills by oxidizing effect, can denature proteins and dna
ie flaming loop used to transfer bacteria methods - incineration (combustion) - dry ovens |
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4) cold
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inhibits bacterial growth ; does not kill
- refrigeration and freezing are common uses of cold to inhibit bacterial growth |
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5) dessication
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removal of water- often stops growth.
-does not kill - endospores resistant - lyophilization (freeze drying)- combo of dessication and freezing; preserve microbs n food |
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6) filtration
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passage of a liquid or gas through a filter w/ pores small enough to retain miroorganism
- membrane can eliminate most bacteria - cannot remove toxins |
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7) osmotic pressure treatment
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use of salts . causes plasmolysis
- preserve food salt n sugar ;"cure" meat n preserve fruits |
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8) radiation
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kills bacteria
- ionizing radiation (gamma rays, x-rays)- can cause large scale mutations - non-ionizing radiation (UV, microwaves) can cause abnormal base linkages in DNA (thymine dimers) n heat(microwaves) |
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chemical agents
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1. disinfectants
2. heavy metals |
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disinfectants
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1. halogens
2. alcohols 3. surfacants; 4. phenol and phenolic 5. aldehydes |
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chemical agent- disinfectants
Halogens (1) |
- chlorine
clorine +h20= hypochlorous acid; stron oxidizing agent. disrupts enzymes - compressesd clorine ; drinking water n pools (1ppm small) -hypochlorite; swimming pools - clorox: sodium hypochlorite pros; ills bacterial cells endosproes, fungi, virues and algae congs; not effective @ basic pH. unstable esp if light |
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hypochlorite
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swimming pools
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sodium hypochlorite
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clorox: household disinfectnat
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chemical disinfect
halogens (2) |
-iodine ; denature enzymes
-in tincture; in alcohol;antiseptic -ionodine tablets: disinfect drinking water -F and Br dangerous |
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chem disinfect
2. Alcohols |
- dissolve membrane lipids and denaturing proteins
- ethanol and isopropyl alcohol - antiseptic of surfaces |
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chemical
surface acting agents (surfactants) |
- detergents soaps
- chemical structure: long chain hydrocarbon w/ a charged "head"; ampipathic ( like phospholipids detergents: disrupt cell membrane; cleansing agents and emulsiiers - soap (an anionic detergent) not disinfectant ; acts emulsification ; removes germs |
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chemicals
surface acting agents II: quaternary ammonium salts (quats) |
- cationic detergents (ammonium ion bound to 4 other groups)
- disrupt plasma membrane - n alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium |
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chemicals:
Disinfectants |
- disrupt plasma membrane
- denature proteins - lister to disinfect wounds -toxic; just used as throat lozenges -used in some lysol n household disinfectants-=qw |
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chemicals: disinfectants
aldehydes |
- organic compounds w/ terminal CHO
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chem
formaldehyde |
inactivate proteins and nucleic acids
- very toxic, limited use |
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formalin
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-liquid preservative, dissolving fomaldehyde gas in water
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glutaraldehyde
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- two terminal CHO groups
- less toxic and very effective - ie sterilization of medical instruments |
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heavy metals
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work by inactivating proteins by interacting with funcitonal groups
-Hg, silver, Cu Zn |
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chemical food preservatives
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-1. weak organic acids:
- ie benzoic acid and sorbic acid: sodium salts 2. Nitrite salts: prevents germination of C. botulinum endospores in meat & preservative |
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who is more susceptible to control of
- bacteria - viruses |
- GRAM- POSITIVE generally more suceptible than gram-negative bacteria
- endospores are very resistant - ENVELOPED viruses MORE SUSCEPTIBLE to chemicals than nonenveloped ones |
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genetics
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study of genes
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genes
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-units of info made of DNA:
-carry info about particular traits -basis of heredity : |
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DNA structure
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polymer of nucleotides which come from : A-T G-C
- found as double -helix -two antiparallel strands are joined by hydrogen bonds b/w the bases |
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the central dogma of molecular biology
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DNA--> RNA--> Protein
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replication
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dna copies itself b4 cell division in a process called replicaiton
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transcription
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dna makes an mRNA copy of itself during this process
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translation
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mRNA directs the synthesis of a protein
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gene n proteins
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gene; holds the informaiton necessary to build a particular protein
protein: direct producers of phenotypic trait |
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genetic recombination process of bacteria
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1. NO SEXUAL LIFE CYCLE
2 transformation 3. conjucation 4. transduction |
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recombination
transformation |
- discovreed by griffith ; lead to the idea that dna is genetic material
- experiment: streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria and mice |
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smooth strain of s. penumoniae
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- illness in mice (b/c capsule)
- inject live smooth: death -inject dead smooth strain: live - inject live rough ; live - mix living rough and dead smooth: death |
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griffith experimental reason
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soething form dead smooth cells was able ot transform the rough cells into smooth cells.
- transforming agent was DNA |
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transformation
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the uptake of naked DNA by a cell
- lateral transformation of info |
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recombination
conjugation |
transfer of genetic material from one bacteria (the donor) to another ( the recipient) by direct contact
- F factor ; plasmid - |
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how conjucation works
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the plasmid copies itself and directs the formaiton of a pilus, through which the copy (or a piece) moves to a recipient cell
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Recombination
conjugation: F factor |
- contain F factor referred to as F+; and can change cells w/o it to with it (F- -->F+)
HFR high frequency of recombination |
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Recombination
Transduction |
the transfer of bacterial genes from one cell to another mediated by a bacteriophage
(viruses infect: replicates own DNA and degrades the bacterial DNA. |
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Transduction: how
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bacterial genes become incorporated into the new infective phage particles.
- if this phage infects another bacterium, these new genes can be transferred to the new cell --> allows it to express a new trait. |
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transduction: 2 types
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Generalized: any bacteriophage involved
- any gene may be transferred specialized: only Temperate phage may be involved: (phages which integrate into the bacterial chromosome) - only the adjacent to their integration sites may be transferred. |
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Taxonomy
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the science of classificaiton of organisms
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purpose of taxonomy
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to show evolutionary relationships b/w groups
- to provide a means of identifying organisms |
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Taxonomy
two methods of classificaiton |
*Phylogenetic- reflects ancestry (evolutionary relationships) (nucleic acid ; only non observable)
- phenetics: observable characteristics ; the goal is practical: ID and common language |
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Taxonomy
5 kingdom system |
1. monera
2. protista 3. fungi 4. plantae 5. animalia |
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5 kingdom system
Monera |
1. unicellular prokaryotes (bacteria)
2. based on cellular organization |
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5 kingdom system
protista |
1. unicellular eukaryotes (protozoa, algae
2. based upon cellular organization |
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5 kingdom system
fungi |
1. multicellular heterotrophs
2. external digestion (yeast, mold, mushrooms) 3. based on nutritional pattern |
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5 kingdom system
plantae |
1. multicellular autotrophs (plants)
2. based upon nutritional pattern |
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5 kingdom system
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1. multicellular heterotrophs
2. internal digestion(animals) 3. based upon nutritional pattern |
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progenote
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hypothetical 1st living organism where 1st animal came
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The three Domains
define domain |
considered to be a new lvl apart from kingdom
- based on the fact that cells are really of 3 fundamental types 1. eukarya (eukaryotes) 2. bacteria (most bacteria) 3. archaea (archaebacteria) - no peptidoglycan in cell walls, extreme environments and strange biochemistry. molecular studies, of DNA not very related to eubacteria |
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domains (2) under kingdom monera
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domain bacteria
domain archaea |
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what kingdoms are under domain eukarya
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1. kingdom prosista
2.kingdom plants (green algae closely related) 3. fungi 4. animalia |
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linnaean taxonomic hierarchy
7 tiers (8 if inc domain) |
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum (division), Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
- most inclusive to least inclusive - genus and species italicized |
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all
Human beings |
Domain-eukarya
kingdom-animalia phylum-chordata class- mammalia order-primates family- hominidae genus-homo species- sapiens |
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dogs
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domain- eukarya
kingdom- animalia phylum- chordata class- mammalia order- carnivora family- canidae genus- canis species- familiaris |
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bacteria (e.coli)
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domain - bacteria
kingdom- monera phylum- gracilicutes class- scotobacteria order- enterobacteriales family- enterobacteriacieae genus- escherichia species- coli |
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tree of bacterial phylogeny
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order of earliest (to latest divergence)
1. green non sulfur bacteria 2. proteobacteria --- gram-pos (bacteria and mycoplasms) --- cyanobacteria 3. chlamydias -- green sulfur bacteria -- spirochetes |
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How are bacteria classified
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- "Bergey's Manual of DETERMINATIVE bacteriology"
-1st 1923 last 1994 -observable characteristics or phenetics; |
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characteristics to classify bacteria (8)
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1. Morphological characteristics (shape)
2. differential staining (gram stain) 3. nutritional pattern 4. relationship w/ Oxygen 5. biochemical charac (catalase +/-) 6. serological analysis-ability of specific antibodies ot react w/ specific microbe 7. phage typing - can bacteria be infected w/ same phage 8. protein and DNA Sequencing |
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bacterial classification : new
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Bergey's Manual of SYSTEMATIC bacteriology"
-1980s: 2003 (2nd) - phylogeny |
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Define
species |
a group of potentially interbreeding organisms that can produce viable offspring
-- this def does not work for bacteria: NO SEX |
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bacterial species
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a population of cells with similar characteistics ; (subjective)
- convention >3% differences; membership in diff species - both sexual and non-sexual def are ways of getting at similarities |
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viral classification:
viral species |
- not alive; not classified in KPCOFGS
- viral species- a populaiton of viruss that have similar characteristics - some classify by--> who they can infect; not common usage |
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Bacterial classification
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DOMAINS
- eubacteria - archaea KINGDOM - Monera (in five- kingdom system) |
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Bergey's Manual of DETERMINATIVE bacteriology
; characteristics to classify bacteria |
1. gram stain (cell wall type)
2. cellular morphology (rod, coccus, etc) 3. oxygen requirements (obligate anaerobe, etc) 4. Nutritional patterns (chemoautotrophs) |
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systematic manual basis
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base entire scheme on phylogeny
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4 divisions ( phyla)
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1. Gracilicutes (gram-negative)
2. firmicutes (Gram-pos) 3. tenericutes (mycoplasmas; no cell wall!) 4. mendosicutes (archaebacteria; have strange cell walls w/ no peptideogycan |
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DIvision I: Gracilicutes
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Gram negative bacteria
1. class : oxyphotobacteria 2. anoxyphotobacteria 3. scotobacteria |
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class 1: oxyphotobacteria
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1. the cyanobacteria
2.aerobic photosynthesizers 3.primary producers in aquatic ecosystems 4. rep genus: oscillatoria |
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class 2 anoxyphotobacteria
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1. DIvision (phylum): gracilicutes
2. grene and purple sulfur bacteria: 3. reduce sulfur compounds as electron donor 4 rep genus green: chlorobium 5. rep genus Purple: chromatium |
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Green and purple non-sulfur bacteria
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1. Gracilicutes
2 class; anoxyphotobacteria 3. do NOT use reduced sulfur compounds as electron donor 4. rep genus Green: chloroflexus 5. Rep genus purple: rhodospirillum: |
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scotobacteria
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- Division (phylum): gracilicutes
-class: scotobacteria 1. family: spriochaetacea 2. fam: spirillaceae 3. fam; vibrionaceae |
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spirochaetacea
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1. division: gracilicutes
2. class; scotobacteria 3. family spirochaetaceae 4. sprial in shap, possess axial filament 5. rep Genera: Treponema: cuases syphilis 6. rep genera: Borrelia: causes lyme disease |
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Spriillacea
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1. division: gracilicutes:
2. class: scotobacteria 3. microaerophilic, sprial shaped motile flagellum 4. rep genus; ehliobacter: causes stomach ulcers (helix) |
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vibrionaceae:
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1. division: gracilicutees
2. class scotobacteria 3. facultative anerobic 4. curved, motile flagellum 6. rep genus Vibirio causes cholera |
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Family enterobacteriaceae
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facultative anaerobic rods (colon)
1. escheria (coli) 2. salmonella 3. shigella 4. klebsiella 5. serratia 6. yersinia |
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Vibirio
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family: vibrionaceae:
1. division: gracilicutees 2. class scotobacteria 3. facultative anerobic 4. curved, motile flagellum 6. rep genus Vibirio causes cholera |
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escherichia (coli
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1. division (phylum) gracilicutes
2.family enterobacteriaceae (the enterics) 3. facultative anerobic rods 4. norm microbiota: food poisoning. used in research |
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salmonella
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1. gracillicutes
2. class enterobacteria 3. facultative anerobic rods 4. causes food poisoning and typhoid fever |
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shigella
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1. gracillicutes
2. class scotobacteria 3. family enterobacteriaceae 4. casues dysentery |
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klebsiella
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1. Div: gracilicutes
2. class: scotobacteria 3. family enterobacteriaceae 4. morm microbiota colon 5. cause bacterial pneumonia |
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serratia
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1. Div: gracilicutes
2. class scotobacteria 3. family enterobacteriaceae 4. nosocomial infection (hosptital) |
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yersinia
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1. div; gracilicutes
2. class: scotobacteria: 3. family: enterobacteria 4. plague (black death) |
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chlamydias and rickettsias
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1. gracillicutes
2. scotobacteria 3. obligate parasiites 4. chlamydia- STD 5. Rickettsia: rocky Mountain spotted fever |
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Chemoautotrophs
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1. gracillicutes
2. scotobacteria 3. oxides reduced sulfur, iron , and nitrogen compounds (muddy sediments) 4. thiobacillus. 5. ferroxidans |
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Aerobic rods and cocci
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1. gracilicutes
2. scotobacteria 3. pseudomonas: ubiquitous lives in soil/H2O; -- food spoilage; opportunistic infections 4. nisseria: gonorhea: diplococcus 5. bordetella: whooping cough 6. rhizobium; fixes atmospheric nitrogen 4 plants |
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Division
Firmicutes |
Gram Pos Bacteria
class: firmibacteria: rods and cocci 1. Family Micrococcaceae 2. streptococcaceae 3. Family Bacillaceae 4. family mycobacteriaceae |
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Micrococcaceae
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1. division: firmicutes;
2. gram post bact 3. class firmibacteria 4. cocci ; grapelike clusters 5. rep genus: staphylococcus: - food poisoning - wound infection -boils -toxic shock syndrom |
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family streptococcaceae
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1. firmicutes
2. gram pos 3. class firmibactiera 4. cocci ; linear chains 5. rep gen: streptocuoccus: - soar throat and scarlet fever |
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bacillaceae
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1. Firmicutes
2. gram pos bact 3. class firmibacteria 4. endospore- forming rods: ***** the only endospore formers 5. rep genus: bacillus: causes anthrax 5. clostridium : botulism and tetanus |
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mycobacteriaceae
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1. firmicutes
2. gram pos 3. class firmibacteria 4. family mycobacteriaceae 5. acid-fast, non-spore forming rods 6. mycobacterium (fungi) - Tuberculosis & leprosy |
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Firmicutes
Class 2: thallobacteria |
the actinomycetes
1. filamentous (looks like fungal type growth) most live in soil 2. rep gen : streptomyces -- produces many antibiotics inc streptomycin. |
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DIvision III
Tenericutes |
Bacteria lacking a cell wall
1. class1: mollicutes (Mycoplasmas) 2. rep genus Mycoplasma -- may cause bacterial pneumonia |
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division IV
Mendosicutes |
THe archeabacteria
- have unusual cell wall: no peptidoglycan 1. extreme Halophiles 2. extreme Thermophiles 3. Thermoacidophiles 4. Methanogens |
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Extreme halophiles
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1. div: mendoscutes
2.Class: archeabacteria 3. unusual cell walls no peptidoglican 4. salt lovers 5. rep gen. Halobacterium: - photosynthesizes using bacteriophodopsin ; - req. high salt concntrations |
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extreme thermophiles
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1. div; Mendosicutes
2. class:Archeabacteria 3. heat lovers 4. rep gen; sulfolobus, thermoccus: 70C - 100C live in deep sea vents, volcanoes, hot springs |
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thermoacidophiles:
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1.Mendosicutes:
2. class: archaebacteria 3. thermoplasma: pH2 , 60C |
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methanogens
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1. mendosicutes
2. class; archaebactria 3. ch4 producers 4. rep gen: methanobacterium : turn organic waste, carbon dioxide and hydrogen gas into methane: (sewage treatment plants) |
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Genus list for phylogenic trea
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proteobacteria:
-thiobacillus - pseudomonas -rhizobium -bordatella -neisseria, -rickettsia -salmonella -shigella -klebsiella -serratia -yersinia- -Vibrio -helobacter |
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genus list for phylogenic tree
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gram pos/ mycoplasmas:
-staphylococcus, -streptococcus -bacillus -clostridium -mycoplasma -mycobacterium -streptomyces |
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genus list for phylogenic tree
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- cyanobacteria: oscillatoria
-chlamydias: chlamydia -green sulfur bacteria: chlorobium - green non-sulfur bacteria: chloroflexus - spirochetes: treponema, borrelia |
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arecheabacteria genera
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-extreme halophiles; halobacterium
-methanogens; methanobacterium -thermoacidophiles- thermoplasma -extreme thermophiles: thermococcus - extreem thermophiles (volcanic) sulfolobus |