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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms, the process is called? |
Genetic engineering |
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Which of the following is not considered a microorganisms? 1. Mosquito 2. Protozoa 3. Bacterium 4. Virus 5. Fungus |
1. Mosquito |
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All microorganisms are BEST defined as organisms that? 1. Cause disease in humans 2. Lack a cell nucleus 3. Are infectious particles 4. Are to small to be seen with the unaided eye 5. Can only be found growing in laboratories |
Are too small to be seen with the unaided eye |
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Which activity is an example of biotechnology? 1. Bacteria in the soil secreting an antibiotic to kill competitors 2. A microbiologist using the microscope to study bacteria 3. Egyptians using moldy bread on wounds 4. Eschericia coli producing human insulin 5. Public health officials monitoring disease in a community |
4. Eschericia coli producing human insulin |
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Living things ordinarily too small to be seen with the unaided eye are termed? |
Microorganisms |
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The study of the immune response to infection caused by microorganisms is called? |
Immunology |
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Which of the following does not indicate microbe involvement in energy and nutrient flow? 1. Formation of oxygen by oxygenic photosynthesis 2. Formation of greenhouse gasses 3. Formation of soil 4. Digestion of complex carbohydrates in animal diets 5. Decomposition of dead matter and waste |
1. Formation of oxygen by oxygenic photosynthesis |
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The microorganisms that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and wastes are called? |
Decomposers |
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The microorganisms that do not have a nucleus in their cells are called? |
Prokaryotes |
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The first prokaryotes appeared about _______ billion years ago? |
3.5 |
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Which of the following in not a human use of microorganisms? 1. Making bread 2. Treating water and sewage 3. Manufacturing copper wire 4. Mass producing antibiotics 5. Cleaning up oil spills |
3. Manufacturing copper wire |
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Using microbes to detoxify a site contaminated with heavy metals is an example of? |
Bioremediation |
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Disease causing microorganisms are called? |
Pathogens |
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The most prevalent worldwide infectious diseases are? |
Respiratory disease |
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Which of the following is a unique characteristic of viruses that distinguishes them from the other major groups of microorganisms? 1. Cause human disease 2. Lack of nucleus 3. Cannot be seen without a microscope 4. Contain genetic material 5. Lack of cell structure |
5. Lack of cell structure |
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Helminths are? |
Parasitic worms |
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Organisms called parasites are? |
Always harmful to their host |
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of bacteria? 1. It's DNA is not encased in a membrane 2. It has a cell wall made of peptioglycans or other distinct chemicals 3. It does not have membrane bound organelles 4. It's DNA is wrapped around histones 5. All of these are characteristics of bacteria |
4. It's DNA is wrapped around histones |
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What are two functions of bacterial appendages? |
Attachment and motility |
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Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages except? |
Cilia |
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Chemotaxis refers to the ability to? |
Move in response to a chemical |
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Movement of a cell toward a chemical stimulus is termed? |
Positive chemotaxis |
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What is the term that refers to the presence of a tuft of flagella emerging from the same site? |
Lophotrichous |
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What is the term that refers to the presence of flagella over the cell surface? |
Peritrichous |
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The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called? |
Fimbriae |
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Which structure protects bacteria from being phagocytized by white blood cells? |
Capsule |
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The outcome of the gram stain is based on differences on the cells? |
Cell wall |
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The cell _____ can be composed of three layers: the cytoplasmic membrane, the cell wall, and the outer membrane. |
Envelope |
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During the Gram stain, _____ cells decolorize when the alcohol is applied? |
Gram-negative |
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If bacteria living in salty seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment, the cell structure that would prevent the cells from rupturing is the? |
Cell wall |
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The _____ stain is used to differentiate Mycobacterium and Nocardia from other bacteria? |
Acid-fast |
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The enzyme ______, found in tears and saliva, can hydrolyze the bonds in the glycan chains of certain bacterial cell walls. |
Lysozyme |
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Lysozyme is most effective against? |
Gram positive organisms |
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Which of the following does NOT pertain to endotoxin? 1. Is a specific cell wall lipid 2. Can stimulate fever in the human body 3. Can cause septic shock in the human body 4. Is involved in typhoid fever and some meningitis cases 5. Is found in acid fast bacterial cell walls |
5. Is found in acid fast bacterial cell walls |
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The site for most ATP synthesis I'm bacterial cells is the? |
Cell membrane |
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All bacterial cells have? |
One or more chromosomes |
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Which statement BEST describes plasmids? 1. Are found in all bacteria 2. Are essential for growth and metabolism 3. Cannot be passed between organisms 4. Cannot be passed on to progeny 5. Are often the site of pathogenic genes |
5. Are often the site of pathogenic genes |
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The function of bacterial endospores is? |
Protection of genetic material during harsh conditions |
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The five I's of studying microorganisms include all of the following except? 1. Inoculation 2. Incubation 3. Infection 4. Isolation 5. Identification |
3. Infection |
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A pure (selective) culture contains? |
Only one species of microorganisms |
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The correct microbiological term for the tiny sample of specimen that is put into a nutrient medium in order to produce a culture is known as? |
Inoculum |
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The three physical forms of laboratory media are? |
Solid, semisolid, and liquid |
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Which of the following is NOT an inoculating tool? 1. Petri dish 2. Loop 3. Needle 4. Pipette 5. Swab |
1. Petri dish |
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Which of the following magnifies the specimen to produce the real image of the specimen? 1. Condenser 2. Objective lens 3. Ocular lens 4. Body 5. Nose piece |
Objective lens |
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Which of the following magnifies the specimen to produce the virtual image of the specimen? 1. Objective lens 2. Ocular lens 3. Condenser 4. Body 5. Iris diaphragm |
2. Ocular lens |
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Which of the following controls the amount of light entering the specimen? 1. Objective lens 2. Ocular lens 3. Condenser 4. Body 5. Iris diaphragm |
5. Iris diaphragm |
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A nutrient medium that contains at least one ingredient that is NOT chemically definable would be termed? |
Complex |
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A microbiologist inoculates Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli into a culture medium. Following incubation, ONLY the E. Coli grows in the culture. What is the most likely explanation? |
The culture medium must be selective |
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A reducing medium contains? |
Hemoglobins, vitamins, or other growth factors |
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Which type of medium is able to distinguish different species or types of microorganisms based on an observable change in the colonies or in the medium? |
Differential |
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Protists include? |
Algae and protozoa |
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Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but NOT in the cells of bacteria? 1. Nucleus 2. Mitochondria 3. Endoplasmic reticulum 4. Lysosomes 5. All of the choices are correct |
5. All of the choices are correct |
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Eukaryotic flagella differ from bacterial flagella because only eukaryotic flagella? |
Contains microtubules |
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Cilia are structures for motility found primarily in? |
Protozoa |
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Cell walls are not usually in? |
Protozoa |
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The eukaryotic cell's glycocalyx is? |
Mostly polysaccharides |
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the eukaryotic glycocalyx? 1. Protection 2. Adherence 3. Movement 4. Reception 5. All of the above are functions |
3. Movement |
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The eukaryotic cell membrane is composed of? 1. Sterols 2. Proteins 3. Phospholipids 4. Cholesterol 5. All of the above are correct |
5. All of the above are correct |
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What is the site for ribosomal RNA synthesis? |
Nucleolus |
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Chitin is a chemical component of the cell walls of? |
Fungi |
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When a eukaryotic cell is not undergoing mitosis, the DNA and it's associated proteins appear as a visible network of dark fibers called the? |
Chromatin |
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What best describes histones? |
Proteins associated with DNA in the nucleus |
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The cells series of tunnel like membranes functioning in transport and storage are known as? |
Endoplasmic reticulum |
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Which BEST describes an organelle that is a stack of flattened, membranous sacs and functions to receive, modify, and package proteins for cell secretion? |
Golgi apparatus |
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Protists with contractile vacuoles? |
Use them to expel excess water from the cell |
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Which organelle is found in algae but not found in protozoa or fungi? |
Chloroplast |
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Which BEST describes the cytoskeleton? 1. Anchors organelles 2. Provides support 3. Functions in movements of the cytoplasm 4. Helps maintain cell shape 5. All of the above are correct |
5. All of the above are correct |
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What are filamentous fungi called? |
Molds |
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Fungi that grow yeast at one temperature but will grow as mold at another temperature are called? |
Dimorphic |
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All of the helminths except? 1. Tapeworms 2. Flukes 3. Flatworms 4. Roundworms 5. All of the above are helminths |
5. All of the above are helminths |
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Larvae and eggs are developmental forms of? |
Helminths |
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Adulthood and mating of helminths occur on which host? |
Definitive host |
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Larval development of helminths occurs in which host? |
Intermediate (secondary) host |
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After returning from a trip to Africa, Tom begins to feel very tired and weak. He has serve anemia. A blood smear reveals a protozoan is present in his blood. The health care provider tells Tom he has malaria. Which of the following could be the causative agent of his disease? |
Pladmodium falciprum |
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Viruses have all of the following except ____? 1. Definite shape 2. Metabolism 3. Genes 4. The ability to infect host cells 5. Ultramicroscopic size |
2. Metabolism |
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Who developed a rabies vaccine by separating bacteria from virus using a filter? |
Pasteur |
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Virus capsids are made from subunits called? |
Capsomeres |
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What is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus called? |
Capsid |
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A naked virus only has a? |
Nucleocapsid |
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Which of the following is NOT correct related to virus envelopes? 1. Gained as a virus leaves the host cell membrane 2. Are comprised primarily of lipids 3. Contain special virus proteins 4. Help the virus particle attached to host cells 5. Are located between the capsid and nucleic acid |
5. Are located between the capsid and nucleic acid |
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Viral spikes? |
Protrude from the envelope |
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What does the core of every virus particle ALWAYS contain? |
Either DNA or RNA |
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Which of the following is NOT associated with every virus? 1. Envelope 2. Capsomeres 3. Capsid 4. Nucleic acid 5. Genome |
1. Envelope |
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Reverse transcriptase synthesizes? |
DNA from RNA |
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In general, most DNA viruses multiply in the host cell's ______. While most RNA viruses multiply in the hosts cell's ________? |
Nucleus, cytoplasm |
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Which of the following is a type of cytopathic effect? 1. Inclusions in the nucleus 2. Multinucleated giant cells 3. Inclusions in the cytoplasm 4. Cells change shape 5. All of the choices are correct |
5. All of the choices are correct |
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Viruses attach to their host via? |
Host glycoproteins |
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What are persistent viruses that can reactivate periodically called? |
Chronic latent viruses |
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What structures are used by bacteriophages to attach to host cell receptors? |
Tail fibers |
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Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity symptoms are called? |
Latent |
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What does lysogeny refer to? |
Viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosomes |
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What are viruses that infect bacteria specifically called? |
Bacteriophages |
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Which of the following is INCORRECT about prophages? 1. Present when the virus is in lysogeny 2. Formed when viral DNA enters the bacterial chromosome 3. Replicated with host DNA and passed on to progeny 4. Cause lysis of host cell 5. Occur when temperature phages enter host cells |
4. Cause lysis of host cell |
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What type of phage enters an inactive prophage stage? |
Temperate |
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The activation of a prophage is called? |
Induction |
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What do cells grown in a culture form? |
Monolayer |
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A common method for cultivating viruses in the lab is to use is vitro systems called _______ cultures. |
Cell |
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What are infectious protein particles called? |
Prions |
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What is Creutzfeld-Jacob disease? |
A spongiform encephalopathy of humans |
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Which organelle contains cristae where enzymes and electron carriers for aerobic respiration are found? |
Mitochondria |