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376 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Prokaryotic cells include bacteria and cyanobacteria or ______ algae
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blue-green
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Eukaryotic cells include fungi, protozoa, animals, plants, and _____ algae.
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green
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Bacteriology is the study of
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bacteria
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Mycology is the study of
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fungi
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Virology is the study of
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viruses
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Prokarotic cells have DNA and nuclear material or nucleoid but no ++++++
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nucleus or nuclear membrane
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Eukaryotic cells have a ____ and nuclear _____
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nucleus
membrane |
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Prokaryotes have DNA that is not enclosed within a ______. Eukaryotes have DNA that is found inside a nucleus and separated from the cytoplasm by a ______ membrane
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membrane
nuclear |
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Prokaryotes have DNA that is not associated with ______. In Eukaryotes, histones organize their ++++
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histones
DNA |
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Prokaryotes lack membrane enclosed organelles. Eurkayotes have membrane enclosed ___________
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organelles
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Prokaryotes almost always have complex cell walls and eukaryotes have chemically +++++ cell walls.
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simple
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Prokaroytes usually divide by +++++ fission. The DNA is copied and the cell divides into two cells. For Eurkaryotes, cell division involves ______.
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binary
mitosis |
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Life can exist without a +++++, but not microbes because +++++ is the purpose of microorganisms.
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nucleus
decomposition |
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3 benefits of microorganisms are decomposition, _______, and sewage treatment.
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bioremediation or digestion of oil and toxic chemicals
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Viruses are a ______ entitiy in that they are nonliving and cannot reproduce. Depend on host.
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acellular
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Two detrimental roles of microorganisms: ______ or away from comfort and spoilage of food.
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pathogenic
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In ________diseases such as HTN, diabetes, no microorganisms are involved.
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noninfectious
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Who invented the first compund microscope which has multiple lenses?
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Robert Hooke
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Who invented the first compound microscope and overserved a thin slice of cork and described little cells. But he did not see ____ cells.
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Robert Hooke
live |
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Cell theory= all living things are composed of _____. the cell is the _____ unit of life.
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cells
basic |
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Anton Van Leewenhoek first observed microscopic life which he called ________, animal like structures an introductory term for cells.
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animiaalcubes
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The theory of ______ generation is that life comes from ______.
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spontaneous
nonlife |
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Who was the only one of the theorists who supported the spontaneous generation theory?
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John Needham
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Why did the Spontaneous Generation supporters not use ____, but used instead meat and broth? Water does not have a lot of _____ value and does not contain many organic compounds to _____life.
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water
nutritional support |
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Most bacteria, fungi, animals, and man are _______ or non self-feeders. They cannot convert inorganic materials into ______ materials.
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heterotropes
organic |
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Most plants, algae, and protozoa are ______ in that they can convert inorganic materials into _____ materials.
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autotropes
organic |
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All bacteria are ______ and dont have a ______
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prokaryotes
nucleus |
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Endospores are not a reproductive structure. They don['t _____ or reproduce. They germinate.
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multiply
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Biogenesis- Rudolph Virchow= Life only comes from ______ life.
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preexisting
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Fermentation is an _____ process in that in occurs without air. One organic compound turns into another without _____
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anerobic
air |
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Fermentation is an anerobic chemical reaction in which one organic compound sugar turns into another organic compound alcohol or acid by means of a microorganism _______
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biocatalyst
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E Coli has 2 different enzyme systems. So it makes ____ first and then alcohol.
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acid
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Fermentation is an anerobic chemical reaction in which one organic compound sugar turns into another organic compound alcohol or acid by means of a microorganism _______
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biocatalyst
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_______ is a form of heat treatment that kills a number of transmissable bacteria such as salmonella, mycobacterium, and coxiella burnetii which causes ------ fever.
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Pasteurization
Q |
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Pasteurization kills a number of transmissable bacteria, but ________ removes all forms of life metabolically active and inactive.
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sterilization
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E Coli has 2 different enzyme systems. So it makes ____ first and then alcohol.
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acid
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Sterilization removes endospores and ______
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viruses
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_______ is a form of heat treatment that kills a number of transmissable bacteria such as salmonella, mycobacterium, and coxiella burnetii which causes ------ fever.
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Pasteurization
Q |
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Pasteurization kills a number of transmissable bacteria, but ________ removes all forms of life metabolically active and inactive.
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sterilization
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Sterilization removes endospores and ______
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viruses
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Fermentation is an anerobic chemical reaction in which one organic compound sugar turns into another organic compound alcohol or acid by means of a microorganism _______
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biocatalyst
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E Coli has 2 different enzyme systems. So it makes ____ first and then alcohol.
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acid
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_______ is a form of heat treatment that kills a number of transmissable bacteria such as salmonella, mycobacterium, and coxiella burnetii which causes ------ fever.
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Pasteurization
Q |
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Pasteurization kills a number of transmissable bacteria, but ________ removes all forms of life metabolically active and inactive.
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sterilization
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Sterilization removes endospores and ______
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viruses
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Q fever causes _____ of the blood.
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toxcemia
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Refrigeration is a ______ static as it slows down the activity of bacteria.
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microbial
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Milk from the cow is _____
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sterile
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Types of Pasteurization LTH or low temp holding is not that common because
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it takes too long
62-66 for 30 min |
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sayeth
и молвил... |
曰
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тот самый болтающий язык во рту
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Redi _____ , Spallanzani ______spontaneous generation.
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refuted
rejected |
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Spontaneous generation was resolved by _____. He proved that microorganisms are present in the ____and can contaminate sterile solutions, but air itself does not give rise to microbial life.
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Pasteur
air |
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The S Curved neck of Pasteur trapped the microorganisms from entering through the air to the +++++
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broth
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Tyndall proved that bacterial cells existed in 2 forms: heat ____ and heat ____ like endospores (Chon).
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sensitive
resistant |
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The Germ theory of Disease was proposed by _____in 1857 and proved by Robert Koch in 1876.
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Pasteur
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The Germ Theory of Disease states that a specific ____ causes a specific disease.
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bacteria
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Koch's postulates were: 1. isolation of organism from dead animal or specimen streaked on petri dish to isolate pure culture 2 ____ ____ on a lab medium 3. ______ identification 4. injection of isolated organism into a _____ animal to reproduce same disease 5. repeat the first three steps to match the bacteria to disease
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pure culture
microscopic healthy |
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Pure culture has only___ type of organism and ____ culture has more than 1 type of organsim.
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one
mixed |
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Human blood, brain, and bladder all _____
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sterile
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A medium is a substance or liquid that ______or supports growth of microorganisms.
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facilitates
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Exceptions to Koch's Postulates: Can't prove every ____ disease because not every bacteria can grow on a lab medium. Can't grow viruses on lab medium. Need tissue culture. Treponema Pallidum and Chlaymydia Trachomatis
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bacterial
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Exceptions to Koch's Postulates: One organism can cause _____ diseases.
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multiple
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The concept of surgery without contamination or ____ surgery was introduced by Lister.
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asceptic
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Vaccination introduced by Jenner is an ____ that protects host from a specific disease.
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antigen
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After antigen of cowpow injected cowpow antibodies produced on _____ pox virus.
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small
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Cowpox and ______ viruses have similar antigens.
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smallpox
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Antibodies attach to antigens. Antibodies are _____ markers.
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death
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Antigens remove the virus if it encounters it before causing ______
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disease
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Good antigens are ____ resistant and bad antigens are ++++ sensitive.
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heat
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Antigens attached to antibodies make themselves more attractive to ________ cells. Gobbled up first. Antigens not antibodies protect the host.
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phagocytic
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Any organism that cannot convert inorganic to ____ materials is a +++++
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organic
heterotrope |
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Most prokaryotes are ______
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Heterotropes
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Plants are autotropes but ______.
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eukaryotes
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Asceptic surgery does not accomplish sterilization but prevents _______
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contamination
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The diameter of most living cells is between 1 and 100 um or micrometers and is visible only under ______
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microscope
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A simple microscope has only one magnifying lens. A _____ microscope has more than 1.
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compound
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A micrometer 1um is one ______ of a meter.
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millionth
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A compound microscope has an occular and +++___ lens.
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objective
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Mycoplasmas is the _____ bacteria. Mycoplasmas is the only bacteria that is genetically unable to make a _____ wall. All other bacteria make a cell wall.
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smallest
no cell wall |
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The 2 most import functions of a microscope are magnification and _____ power.
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resolving
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The resolving power of a compound light microscope with oil immersion lens is _____
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.2 Um
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Magnification is an increase in _____ and resolving power is the ability to distingusih between 2 +++++
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size
objects |
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There are 5 types of compound microscope: bright field, ____ field, phase contrast, flourescence, and electron.
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dark
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The bright field microscope forms a dark image against a +++++ background. Live or preserved. Stained or _____. Most commonly used in academic and hospital.
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britght
unstained |
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Bright Field can see ____ specimen but not contrast. Best to observe stained preserved slides.
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living
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Bright Field can stain dead specimens that are stained. Can see living specimens but no ______
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contrast
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Phase contrast can be used to observe +++++++ structures of livng cells.
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intracellular
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Phase contrast interference and confocal provide 3D image of the specimen. Excellent for observing intracellular structures such as endospores and _____ bodies.
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inclusion
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In Phase contrast under favorable conditions can see the Mommy cell of endospore. Under _____ conditions can't see Mommy.
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unfavorable
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Some bacteria store phosphate and glycogen which are ______ structures that can be seen with phase contrast if stained.
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intracellular
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Bright Field forms a ____ image against a ____ background. Dark
Field appears ____ against a ______ background. |
dark
bright light dark |
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Bright Field can be used to observe live, preserved, stained or unstained. Disadvantage of bright field can see live specimen but they are _____ because no ____. Best for preserved, stained slides. Cannot be used to observe ______ structures of living cells.
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colorless
contast intracellular |
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Dark Field can be used to observe organisms that are sensitive to heat or ++++++Dark Field is for any organism that +++++ be +++++ because heat is often involved in staining. Dark Field cannot be used to observe intracellular structures of ____ or ____ cells.
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dessication
cannot stained living or nonliving |
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Phase contrast, interference, and confocal provide 3D image of the specimen. Great for observing ______ structures of living organisms
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intracellular
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Intracellular structures include endospores and inclusion bodies. ______ store phosphate and glycogen which are intracellular structures.
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Bacteria
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If conditions favorable, can se Mommy cell in _____ contrast. Intracellular is ____ membrane and _____ is outside membrane. Cell membrane itself is bilayer.
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phase contrat
inside extracellular |
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Bright Field and Dark Field are the same except for metal disc on top of +++++. Most of field pitch dark except for light travel in bright rays.
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illuminator
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_______ field cannot be used to observe intracellular structures of living or nonliving cells. Bright field can be used to observe intracellular structure of _____
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Dark
nonliving |
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Fluorescence exposes a specimen previously treated with flourescent dye such as Acridine or +++++ to ultraviolet light and forms an image of the specimen with the resulting _____ light.
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Fluorescein
fluorescent |
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Flourescent microscope commonly used to diagnose +++++ diseases. Antibody Antigen test.
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infectious
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The electron microscope began 1931. Does not use ++++ but forms an image with ______ of electron. Magnify 10,000 to 100,000. Most useful to observe cell ____ structures because resolving power .3nm. (billionth of a m) Specimen dry
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light
beam ultra |
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A flourescent microscope commonly diagnoses infectious diseases because noninfectious diseases do not have _______
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antigens
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One disadvantage of flourescent microscopy is _______
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expensive
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Antigen attaches to antibody and slide ______. No attaching dark slide.
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glows
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Bright field microscopy uses a wet mount. Specimen in the middle with a drop of
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pond water any water
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Electron microscope dead specimens and may _____
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damage
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Hanging Drop Depression slide with ++++ in the middle. Ring of petroleum jelly around the cavity. Flip slide ______ down and contact jelly and coverslip.
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cavity
down |
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A true stain has the following: 1. benzene a solvent and 1 chromophone a color _____. The benzene and chromophome form _______ a color compound which can't be used to stain bacteria because no pos or neg charge. Cant bind or +++++
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pigment
chromogen stick |
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All bacteria are +++++ charged.
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negatively
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Most stains have a positive or cationic charge such as ______ violet, safranin, and methylene _____
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crystal
blue |
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A stain requires:
benze chromophone or chromegen and ________ which adds pos or neg charge. |
auxochrome
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Acidic or _____ dyes have a negative charge. Eosin, Nigrosin, and Picrid acid.
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anionic
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Nigrosin will darken the background of bacteria but the Inside will be _____ because bacteria negative.
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clear
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if the simple stain methylene blue used with bacteria. Inside will be blue because pos stain adheres to ____ bacteria.
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neg
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A _____ stain uses one positive or ____ stain and a ____ stain uses one acidic stain. Both anionic and _____ use only ___ stain.
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simple
basic negative simple one |
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Positive equals ____
Simple equals +++++ |
simple
basic |
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if a simple and neg stain mixed together inside is ++++ and background _____
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blue
dark |
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A _____ utilizes at least 2 basic or +++++ stains of contrasting colors
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differential
positive |
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A differential stain is commonly uses with ______ specimens.
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pathological
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The first step of a differential stain is a ____ stain.
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simple
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The most common differential stain is the _____ stain.
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Gram
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The gram stain differentiates between ____ positive and gram negative bacteria.
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gram
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The most common antibiotics work against gram ____ bacteria only.
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negative
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The gram stain is used in ++++ therapy.
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antibiotic
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Broad spectrum antibiotics work against both gram positive and ++++ ____ bacteria.
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gram negative
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The function of the gram stain is to diagnose which _____ is used.
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antibiotic
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The final result of Gram stain is that gram ____ appear purple. and gram ____ appear pink or red.
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positive
negative |
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Gram stain uses ___ reagents: the primary stain or +++++ violet, the mordant or ____, the decolorizer or +++++, and the contrasting or secondary color or Safranin.
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crystal
iodine alcohol |
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The contrasting color stains are 2 ____ stains. Use the dark color as primary and the light color as ++++ stain.
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basic
counter |
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The 4 reagents include ___ stains and ____ chemicals.
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2, 2
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The procedure for gram stain is thin ____, air dry, heat fix, and flood with primary stain, crystal violet. This is the ____ stain. After 1 min add gram's iodine. After 1 min alcohol wash for ____ sec or less. the alcohol wash is _______
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smear
simple 15 decolorization |
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After the iodine both gram pos and gram neg are _______
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purple
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After decolorization, the gram negative bacteria have ____ their color.
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lost
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The differentiation of gram stain is based on the lipid concentration of ____ wall of bacteria. Gram stain differentiates bacteria based on ++++ concentration of cell wall.
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cell
lipid |
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Gram negative has more ++++ and Gram positive less ++++
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lipid, lipid
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The mordant iodine, makes larger molecule because wraps around ____ to become bigger molecule.
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iodine
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95% ethyl alcohol washes away lipids from +++ wall. There is a bigger opeining of the +++ wall of G ++++ after alcohol than in G positive.
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cell
cell negative |
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The only step that can be skipped in the gram stain procedure is the counter stain or ++++++
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Safranin
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After the counter stain, the G negative are ____ and the G ____ are purple.
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red/pink
positive |
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Two factors will cause Gpositive to become red/pink also: 1. overdecolorization
2. _____ _____ |
old culture
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Over 24 hrs old affects only gram ____ and not gram ____
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positive
negative |
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Basic or ++++ dye
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cationic
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Acid fast stain developed by _____. Used to stain acid=fast bacteria such as Nocardia and ________
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Paul Erhich 1882
mycobacteria |
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Mycobacteria and Nocardia have a special lipid or wax in cell walls called ______ acid. Makes cell wall so thick or rigid that dye cannot ______
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Mycolic
penetrate |
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All one shape. Pure culture has only ___ shape.
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monomorphic
one |
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The primary acid fast stain is_______ for 5 min. Afterward, AF and NAF: Gram pos and Gram neg will be magenta.
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Carbol fuscin
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Acid-fast stain requires a ______ to loosen wax.
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steam bath
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Pure culture has many shapes
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Pleomorphic
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Poorly gram pos require an +++++ stain because of mycolic acid.
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acid fast
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Acid=fast means acid ______
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resistant
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Primary acid fast stain is
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carbol fuchsin
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Decolorization is the most crucial step in the acid=fast _____
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stain
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In acid=fast stain, Acid-alcohol is the decolorizer. 5% HCL and 95%
_____ alcohol. After 5 sec wash water. In acid-fast stain, the counter stain is Methylene _____ |
ethyl
Blue |
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In acid=fast stain, after secondary stain, acid fast is magenta and nonacid fast is _____
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blue
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The decolorizer differentiates between AF and nonacid ------
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fast
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In acidfast stain if use ethyl alcohol the G negative is clear and G positive is
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magenta
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ethyl alcohol removes the primary color from G negative. Not strong enough to remove primary stain from G
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positive
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Special stains are used to observe specific cell structures like _____endospores and flagella.
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capsules
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Prokaryotes have _____ complex cell walls. Eurkayotes have _____ cell walls.
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chemically
simple |
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The most important part of the chemically complex cell wall of ______ is _______.
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prokaryotes
peptidoglycain |
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How many kingdoms? Animalia, fungi, plantae, monera, and protista
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5
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animalia, fungi, protista, _____, and plantae.
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monera
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All kingdoms have cell walls but ------- Monera includes all bacteria but _______
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animalia
mycoplasma |
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Monera includes bacteria and blue green ++++++
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algae
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Where does bacteria make its ATP?
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cell membrane
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Chromatin is a DNA _____, and protein mixture.
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RNA
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Histone is a special triangular protein that allows ++++ to organize itself. DNA wraps around Histone to orgnaize itself.
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DNA
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Bacteria do not have histone because most bacteria have a +++++ circular chromosome. histones are found in entitites with large amount of chromosomes
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single
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Plasma membrane of prokaryotes does not contain sterile ______. Found in eukaryotes, esp in cell membranes of ____ and humans.
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lipids
fungi |
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Ribosomes of bacteria have smaller sedimentation rates of _____
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70s
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Ribosomes of Eurkaryotes are
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80s
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Reproduction occurs in bacteria by +++++ fusion or one cell divides into 2 genetically _____ cells.
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binary
identical |
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Eurkaryotes and Prokaryotes contain all 4 organic compounds: nuclei ____, proteins, carbs, and _____
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acids
lipids |
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The function of ribosomes is protein _____
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synthesis
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Bacteria do not have _____ because most bacteria have a single chromosome
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histone
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Genus is the last name and species is the ++++ name
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first
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Cocci plural of coccus is .2 to ___ in diameter
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2
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Bacilli is plural of Bacillus and is .2 to ___ in diameter and 2- ___ um long.
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2, 8
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Vibrios and Spirilla are .2 to ___ in diameter and .5 to ____ um in length.
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2, 100
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Examples of monomorphism are _____ and S.aureus. All cells in pure culture maintain a single shape.
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E coli
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Pleomorphism is the ______ in size and form between individual cells in pure culture.
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variation
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Bacteria display 3 basic shapes:1 round or spherical, 2 cylindrical or _____3 _____
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rod-shaped
spiral forms |
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Most bacteria maintain a single shape; therefore, they are _______
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monomorphic
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Examples of pleomorphism are: mycobacteria, corynbacterium floaters and whooping cough, rhizobium (bean roots) and mycoplasma do not have ____ ____
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cell wall
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SPIRAL FORMS
OF BACTERIA Spirilla plural and Spirillaum singular are actual spirals or _____ like corkscrews. Rigid bodies and all are ____ by means of polar flagella. Example: Spirillum Minor |
helical
motile |
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SPIRAL FORMS OF BACTERIA Spirochetes are spiral bacteria. Flexible bodies and motile by means of ____ ____. Exoflagella which means not ____Their flagella called +++++ filament or endoflagelum. Outer membran covers flagellum called ____ sheath. Example Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponma Pallidum.
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axial fillaments
free axial filament outter |
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SPIRAL FORMS OF BACTERIA Vibrios are _____ rods resembling commas. Example: Vibrio cholerae. Some halophillic salt-loving bacteria are star and square shaped. Halophiles are less _____
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curved
common |
|
|
|
Arrangement of Bacteria (COCCI )
Diplococci Cocci growing in ____ Neisseria Gonnorhoeae Causes gonnorhea |
pairs
|
|
|
|
Arrangement of Bacteria_ COCCI
Streptococci Cocci growing in _____. Example: Streptococcus pyogenes causes strep throat, arthritis, and |
chains
rheumatic fever |
|
|
|
Tetrads Arrangement of Bacteria COCCI growing in groups of
|
4
|
|
|
|
Arrangement of Bacteria Sarcina COCCI growing in groups of
|
8
|
|
|
|
Arrangement of Bacteria Staphylococci COCCI growing in a _____
|
bunch
|
|
|
|
Arrangement of Bacteria BACILLI
Single Bacilli Hanging Drop Example: |
Psuedomonas aeruginosa
|
|
|
|
Arrangmenent of Bacteria BACILLI Bacilli growing in pairs
|
pairs
Escherichia coli |
|
|
|
Arrangement of Bacteria BACILLI
Streptobacilli BACILLI growing in _____. Bacillus Cereus |
chains of rods
|
|
|
|
Arrangement of Bacteria
BACILLI Coccobacilli not true cocci or true ____ Alcaligenes faecalis |
bacillus
|
|
|
|
Structure of a typcial Bacterial Cell Appendages for motility Flagellum is a thread like semi=rigid structure made of protein called ______ that enables bacteria to move on their own.
|
flagellin
|
|
|
|
Bacterial Flagellum is approximately 20nm in diameter and one to _____ um in ____ and made up of ___ parts
|
70
length 3 |
|
|
|
The bacterial flagellum is made up of the filament, hook, and _____ body.
|
basal
|
|
|
|
the number and ______ of flagella varies from bacterium to bacterium
|
arrangement
|
|
|
|
Axial filament or ______ are bundles of ______ enclosed between the cell membrane and the cell wall. Only found on spirochetes.
|
endoflagellum
mycrofibrils |
|
|
|
Taxis is ______ movement of a cell
|
directional
|
|
|
|
Pilli the singular is
|
Pilus
|
|
|
|
Pili long tubular structure made of _____ protein. Only found on the surface of _____ ____ bacteria and used for conjugation
|
pillin
gram negative |
|
|
|
Fimbriae are small, non-tubular hair like structures, made of ____ and found on the surface of both gram positive and gram negative bacteria,. They help bacteria to ____ to host cells or non-living substrates in the enviroment. Ex: Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Streptococcus pyogenes
|
protein
attach |
|
|
|
The cell envelope layers are glyoccalyx, the cell wall, and the ____ ______ that surround the protoplasm/cytoplasm of the cell.
|
cell membrane
|
|
|
|
The Glycocalyx or Capsule is a ++++++ substance that lies external to the bacterial cell wall.
|
mucoid
|
|
|
|
The types of Glycalyx include the slime ++++ thick, unorganized secretions which are loosely attached to the cell +++++
|
layer
surface |
|
|
|
Chemotaxis is the movment of a cell towards or ______ from a particular chemical
|
away
|
|
|
|
Types of Glycocalyx Macrocapsule or ++++ capsules are thick, _____, and are firmly atttached to the cell.
|
true
organized |
|
|
|
Types of Glycocalyx Microcapusle are very ++++ and cannot be observed by light microscopy. Their presence may be revealed by ++++++ methods.
|
thin
serological |
|
|
|
Chemical compostion of glycocalyx/capsule: varies from bacterium to bacterium. Many capsules are made of ++++++, proteins, or both or glycoproteins.
|
polysaccharides
|
|
|
|
Functions of Glycocalyx/capsule 1. It makes bacteria more ++++ by preventing phagocytosis. 2. It helps bacteria ____ to host tissues. 3. It can be3 used as a source of _____ under adverse conditions. 4 Prevents bacteria from ______
|
virulent
attach nutrients dessication |
|
|
|
The cell wall functions 1. maintains ++++ of a bacterium and 2 Prevents bacteria from osmotic lysis and osmotic ______
|
shape
collapse |
|
|
|
Chemical Composition of Cell Wall
Peptidoglycan is 35-60% for Gram ____ and 14-30% for Gram negative. |
postive
|
|
|
|
Chemical Composition of Cell Wall
Lipids For Gram Positive 0-2% and for Gram Negative ___- 20% |
10
|
|
|
|
Chemical Composition of Cell Wall
Teichoic and lipoteichoic acids are present in gram ____ and absent in gram _____ |
positive
negative |
|
|
|
Chemical Composition of Cell
In gram positive the outer membrane of lipo-______ and lipo=----------, and porin proteins are present but absent from gram negative |
saccharides
proteins |
|
|
|
Mycoplasmas are genetically unable to synthesize _____ walls.
|
cell
|
|
|
|
Archaebacteria lack ______ in their cell walls.
|
peptidoglycan
|
|
|
|
L Forms are bacteria that may lose the ability to form cell wall due to +++++ or chemical treatments
|
mutations
|
|
|
|
Cell Membrane Functions:
1. Regulates the transportation of substances like nutrients and +++++2. Stores enzymes 3 site for ___ synthesis 4 Site for photosynthsis only in photoautotophic microbes |
enzymes
ATP |
|
|
|
Chemical Composition of Cell Membrane
1. Phospholipids are 30-40% bilayer and 2. _____ 60-70% |
Proteins
|
|
|
|
Spirilla singular is ______ are acutal spiral or _____ like corkscrews. Bodies rigid. Motile by means of polar flagella or terminal flagella (at the end). Example: Spirillum minor mouth of rats
|
Spirallaum
helical rigid |
|
|
|
Spirochetes ae spiral bacteria their bodies are ______ and they are motile by means of _____filaments or endofilaments. Outter sheath or membrane that covers flagellum. Their flagellum called ++++ ++++. Examples: Borrelia burgdorferi related to Lyme disease and Treponema pallidum related to Syphyllis
|
flexible
motile axial filaments or endoflagellum |
|
|
|
Vibrio are curved rods resembling commas. Example :++++++ cholerae cause cholera
|
Vibrio cholerae
|
|
|
|
Some ______ bacteria or salt-loving bacteria are star and +++++ shaped.
|
halophillic bacteria
|
|
|
|
Arrangement of Bacteria
Diplococci Grows In _____ Example: Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonnorhea |
pairs
|
|
|
|
Arrangement of Bacteria
Streptococci cocci growing in _____. Example: Streptococcus Pyogenes Round shaped and grow in +++++ in labe= |
chains
chains |
|
|
|
Tretrads cocci growing in groups of ++++ Example: Micrococcus Luteus
|
4
|
|
|
|
Sarcina cocci growing in groups of ++++ Example: Sarcina _____
|
8
subflava |
|
|
|
Staphylococci cocci growing in a +++++
Example: Staphylococcus aureus |
bunch
|
|
|
|
Arrangement of Bacilli
Single Example Pseudomonas Aeruginosa or in lab with ++++++ drop |
hangling
|
|
|
|
Arrangement of Bacteria
Bacilli Diplobacilli bacilli growing in _____ Example: Escherichia coli E coli grow in pairs. |
pairs
|
|
|
|
Most bacteria are monomorphic and therefore +++++ culture.
|
pure
|
|
|
|
Both spirilla and and spirochetes are +++++
|
motile and spiral shaped
|
|
|
|
Polar or terminal end
|
1 end of attachement
|
|
|
|
Spirochetes have not free flagella or ++++++ Their flagella wraps around the ++++
Membrane covering flagellum called _____ sheath. Their flagellum called axial +++++ or endoflagellum. |
exoflagella
body Outter filament |
|
|
|
Spirochetes have not free flagella or ++++++ Their flagella wraps around the ++++
Membrane covering flagellum called _____ sheath. Their flagellum called axial +++++ or endoflagellum. |
exoflagella
body Outter filament |
|
|
|
Arrangement of Bacteria
Bacillus Streptobacilli growing in _____ Example: Bacillus Cereus |
chains
|
|
|
|
Arrangement of Bacteria
Bacillus Coccobacilli not true ++++ or bacillus. |
coccus
|
|
|
|
Helophile haophilic salt loving
star and squared ____ |
shaped
|
|
|
|
Strep means +++++
|
chain
|
|
|
|
Streptococcus pyogenes causes strep throat, ____, and rhematic fever.
|
arthritis
|
|
|
|
Staph means
|
bunch
|
|
|
|
Bacilli are shaped like
|
rods
|
|
|
|
E Coli are shaped not round but diplobacilli
|
rods in pairs
|
|
|
|
Strep means
|
chain
|
|
|
|
Appendages for Motility Flagellum is a thread like semi rigid structure made of protein called ______ that enables bacteria to move on own or ____ _____
|
flagellin
true motility |
|
|
|
All living cells have plasma or ++++++, and nuclear area or nucleoid containing +++++ Only Eukaryotes have nuclear envelopes or nuclear +++++
|
cytoplasm
DNA membrane |
|
|
|
Acid Fast stain differentiates between AF and ++++++
AF is +++++++ |
NAF
\pleomorphic |
|
|
|
Endoflagellum Wraps around the body, not free in +++++++Flagellum called ______
|
spirochetes
axial filament |
|
|
|
Halopiles star and square shaped not associated with ++++ disease
|
disease
|
|
|
|
Halophiles salt loving square and star shaped not associated with ++++ disease
|
human
|
|
|
|
All living things have _____ ____, cytoplasm, and nucleoid or nuclear area containing DNA
|
plasma membrane
|
|
|
|
diameter of flagellum 20nm (a nanometer is billionth of a meter and the length is 1-____um micrometers.
|
1-70
|
|
|
|
Spirochetes and spirilla are ++++ but spirochetes have ++++, which mean not +++and spirlla polar flagella.
|
spiral or helical shaped
exoflagella free |
|
|
|
All prokaryotes have a cell wall except +++++
|
mycoplasma
|
|
|
|
Flagellum is a rope like semi rigid thread like structure made of +++++, protein which allows bacteria to move on own or ____ motility.
|
flagellin
true |
|
|
|
The diameter of flagellum 20 nanometer, which is ++++ of a meter and length up to 17 micrometers
|
One billionth
|
|
|
|
3 important parts of flagella 1. filament or ____ like structure outside body of bacteria 2 hook which attaches filament to base of body. 3 Basal body or foundation of +++++
|
whip
base flagellum |
|
|
|
In bacteria motors in basal body propel ______ Motors called L and ___ rings. Gram positive has ++++ rings than Gram negative. Gram negative has more.
|
flagellum
M less |
|
|
|
Flagella found on both positive and negative gram _____
|
bacteria
|
|
|
|
Monotrichous ++++ flagella at polar end
|
one
|
|
|
|
Amphitrichous _____ or more than 1 flagella at each end.
|
one or more than 1
|
|
|
|
Lophotrichous More than 1 ++++ at one end only. In all cases attached at ++++ position.
|
flagella
terminal |
|
|
|
Pertrichous Flagella attached all +++++
|
around
|
|
|
|
Axial filament or ++++++ are bundles of ______ enclosed between the cell +++++ and the cell ____Only found on spirochetes.
|
microfibrils
membrane wall |
|
|
|
Two types of arrangemet of flagella: 1monotrichous, amphi, lopho are ++++and 2 peritrichous are all _____
|
polar
around |
|
|
|
Polar and Peritrichous are found only on ++++++ and exoflagella, which means not ___ and wraps around. Flagella called ++++ or axial filaments Example of spirocheter Treponema Pallidum causes _____
|
spirochetes
free syphylis endoflagella |
|
|
|
Taxis is ______ movement of a cell
|
directional
|
|
|
|
chemotaxis is the movement of a cell towards or away from a particular ______ Example: bug spray
|
chemical
|
|
|
|
Bacteria moved by +++++. No flagella not _____
|
flagella
motile |
|
|
|
Pilus singular pilli is +++++
|
plural
|
|
|
|
Pilus, a part of prokaryotic cell is a hose tubular structure made of +++++, a protein
|
Pillin
|
|
|
|
Pilus is found only on the surface of Gram _____Bacteria and its purpose ______ .
|
negative
conjugation |
|
|
|
Both bacteria must be negative for ______. Only male has the pilus. Goal is the transfer of ____ from male to female. Male gives copy of ++++ to female. Female grows _____ and becomes male. F- Plasmid stands for ____ and is the architect of the pilus.
|
conjugation
DNA pilus ferility |
|
|
|
Conjugation Male has additional piece of DNA called _____ extra chromosal DNA Information to make pilus is within the Plasmid.
|
plasmid
|
|
|
|
Conjugation Male has additional piece of DNA called _____ extra chromosal DNA Information to make pilus is within the Plasmid. Plasmid called _____ for fertility.
|
plasmid
F Plasmid |
|
|
|
In bacteria purpose of conjugation is transfer of DNA from male to female through ++++
|
pilus
|
|
|
|
Conjugation
Once female develops a pilus she is no longer _____Male may also have another piece of DNA in cytoplasm. R Plasmid for ______ to drugs. Example: Male resisitant to drug and Female sensitive. After conjugation, Female becomes _______ Female gets copy of Plasmid R. One plasmid can carry up to 100 +++++ |
female
resistance resistant antibiotics |
|
|
|
Conjugation Another Plasmid is M Plasmid for ++++++
Ex male lactose pos but female lactose neg. After conjuation female becomes lactose pos. The number of plasmids depends on how long the bridge this conjugation will take place and how long lifecycle determines length of bridge. Advantage to female, she acquries ++++ characteristics. |
metabolic
new |
|
|
|
3 appendages for motility
flagellum fimbriae ______ |
pilus
|
|
|
|
Fimbriae are small ____ hairlike structures made of protein and found on the surface of both gram ++++ and negative bacteria. They help bacteria to attach to ++++ cells or nonliving subtrates in the environment. Examples: Neisseria gonnorhea a pair and Streptococcus pyogenes strep throat a chain. Look like cilia but bacteria do not have
|
nontubular
positive host cilia |
|
|
|
Different bacteria have differnent ++++ and arrangement of flagella
|
number
|
|
|
|
All 3 appendages made of protein but +++++ proteins
|
different
|
|
|
|
Salt water what does it do to bacteria It shrinks the bacteria and the +++++membrane because salt water is _______
|
mucous
hypertonic |
|
|
|
Star and square shaped bacteria are hilophiles but dont' cause disease. Other hilophiles do cause +++++
|
disease
|
|
|
|
Fimbriae help ____ disease by attaching to host cells or nonliving substrates.
|
intiate
|
|
|
|
If F M R, first start with
|
F
|
|
|
|
NINE Exp 6 Differential Staining Gram Stain
Prepare a smear of each bacteria, air +++, and heat=__ You will be staining all slides ______. Do not stain each slide ___ at a time. You may not have enough time to stain all slides. Place all slides on the ++++ rack and add crystal violent to each slide covering the entire smear with stain. Let the stain sit on the smear for ___ minute. |
dry
fix simultaneously one staining 1 |
|
|
|
TEN Exp 6 Differential Staining Gram Stain
Carely rinse stain off with ___ water. Gently let the water flow from the ++++ to the bottom of each slide. Do not ___ water directly on each slide. Do not +++ or dry slides between steps of staining procedure. |
tap
top squirt blot |
|
|
|
ELEVEN Exp 6 Differential Staining Gram['s Stain
Slowly add Gram's ++++ to each slide covering the entire smear. Let it sit on the smear --- minute.Carefully wash off Gram's iodine with ___ water. |
iodine
one tap |
|
|
|
Spiral forms of bacteria: spirilla sing Spririllaum and ______
|
spriochetes
|
|
|
|
A spirillaum is Borrelia _____
and Treponema ++++++ |
Burgdorferi
Pallidum |
|
|
|
Brrelia Burdorferi causes ++++ disease. Treponema Pallidum causes ++++++
|
Lyme
Syphylis |
|
|
|
Mycoplasmas are genetically unable to synethesize ____ walls. Archaebacteria lack +++++ in their cell walls so not very rigid. Archaebacteria are the oldest bacteria.
|
cell
peptidoglycan |
|
|
|
Gram Positive endospore producers: Bacillus can be pathogenic or not, Clostridium, and _______. Clostridium some is very pathogenic, gangrene and some not Sporosarcina is ______
|
Sporasarcina
nonpathogenic |
|
|
|
Gram Neg endospore producers
Oscillospira and _____ |
Desulfomomaculatum
|
|
|
|
Endospores in capsule if conditions are ______
|
favorable
|
|
|
|
Endospores in capsule if conditions are favorable binary ______
|
fission
|
|
|
|
Endospore in unfavorable conditions do what with capsule?
|
eat
|
|
|
|
Endospore in unfavorable conditions do what after eat capsule? Make a copy of DNA which includes _____ acid and +++++ This process is called _______
|
diplocolinic acid and calcium . Deposit around the copy of gene in spore coat in shell.
sporulation or sporegenesis |
|
|
|
Endospores are highly resistant due to the presence of _____ acid and ______
|
diplocolinic
calcium |
|
|
|
Sporulation and sporegenesis is the process by which a metabollically ____ vegetative cell transforms into a metabollically _____ endospore under _____ growth conditions.
|
active
inactive unfavorable |
|
|
|
Germination is a process by which a metabolically inactive _____ transforms to metabollically active _____ cell under _____ conditons
|
endospore
vegetative favorable |
|
|
|
_____ acid makes up cell of the new endospore
|
Diplocolinic
|
|
|
|
4 endospores germinate?
|
4 vegetative cells
|
|
|
|
If solvent is increased and gram pos bacteria, what occurs?
|
Hypotonic Plasmoptysis Increase in size and maintain shape
|
|
|
|
If solvent is reduced and gram pos bacteria, what occurs?
|
Hypertonic Plasmolysis membrane shrink and cell wall maintains
|
|
|
|
If solvent is increased and mycobacteria?
|
Hypotonic Plasmoptysis Increase in size and maintain shape cause of mycolic acid a lipid
|
|
|
|
Mycobacteria and solvent reduced?
|
Hypertonic Plasmolysis because membrane shrinks but cell wall maintained by mycolic acid, a lipid
|
|
|
|
L form and Solvent increased?
|
Hypotonic Ghost cell rupture or blow up because L form has no cell wall
|
|
|
|
L form and Solvent decreased?
|
Hypertonic Crenation because no cell wall and will shrink
|
|
|
|
Protoplast and solvent increased?
|
Hypotonic and Ghost Cell rupture or blow up because no cell wall
|
|
|
|
Protoplast and solvent decreased?
|
Hypertonic and Crenation or shrink because no cell wall
|
|
|
|
Functions of the cell wall
Maintains ____ of bacterium and prevents bacteria from osmotic ____ and osmotic ____ |
shape
lysis collapse |
|
|
|
Chemical Compostion of Cell Wall More peptidoglycan in Gram ___ than Gram ___
|
Pos
Neg |
|
|
|
Chemical Compostion of Cell Wall Teichoic and lipoteichoic acids in Gram ___ but not Gram ___
|
Pos
Neg |
|
|
|
Chemical Compostion of Cell Wall More ++++ in Gram neg than Gram ____
|
lipids
pos |
|
|
|
Chemical Compostion of Cell Wall Outer membrane in Gram ___ but not Gram ___
|
neg
pos |
|
|
|
the Glycocalyx or Capsule is a mucoid substance that surrounds and is external to the ____ of the cell.
|
protoplasm or cytoplasm
|
|
|
|
F Plasmid is found in Gram --- only and Plasmids R and M found in +++ Gram Pos and G
ram neg. |
Neg
both |
|
|
|
The granular appearance of the cytoplasm is due to +++++
|
ribosomes
|
|
|
|
Ribosomes are involved in ____ synthesis and Proteins important for ++++.
|
protein
enzyme |
|
|
|
Prokaryotic ribosomes are called 70s and composed of ribosomal ___ or 60%r rRna and 40% ____
|
RNA
proteins |
|
|
|
L forms are bacteria tha have completely lost their ability to form cell wall due to ____ or chemical treatment.
|
mutations
|
|
|
|
Functions of glycocalyx or capsule or first layer- Makes bacteria more ____ by preventing phagocytosis.
|
virulent
|
|
|
|
Functions of glycocalyx or capsule or first layer Helps bacteria to ++++ to host tissues.
|
attach
|
|
|
|
Functions of glycocalyx or capsule or first layer Can be used as a source of nutrition in _____ conditons.
|
unfavorable
|
|
|
|
Functions of glycocalyx or capsule or first layer Prevents bacteria from drying or _____
|
dessication
|
|
|
|
Not all bacteria have a capsule, but if bacteria have a capsule they are ______ Lives longest with capsule cause capsule is food source.
|
pathogenic
|
|
|
|
Peptidoglycan responsible for the shape in both gram pos and gram neg but only ___ layer in gram neg.
|
one
|
|
|
|
Types of Glycocalyx the ___layer is thick unorganized secretions which loosely attach to the cell surface.
|
slime
|
|
|
|
Types of Glycocalyx ______ or true capsules are thick, organized and are firmly attached to the cell.
|
macrocapsule
|
|
|
|
The chemical composition of glycocalyx/capsule varies from bacterium to bacterium. Many made of ________, proteins, or both glycoprotein.
|
polysaccharides
|
|
|
|
Types of Glycocalyx or Capsule Microcapsule are very thin and cannot be observed without _____ methods. Antigen/Antibody test
|
serological
|
|
|
|
They have a capsule
Streptococcus Mutans which causes _____ tooth. Streptococci Pygogenes which causes strep _____. Klebsiella Pneumoniae which causes _____ |
decay
throat pneumonia |
|
|
|
All living cells have an inner most cytoplasmic cell or ____ membrane All the same.
|
plasma
|
|
|
|
Which microscopes will not work with stained specimen?
|
Dark Field
Electron |
|
|
|
Which microscopes will work with stained specimen?
|
Bright Field
Phase Contrast Flourescent |
|
|
|
Which microscopes will not work with living extracellular?
|
electron
|
|
|
|
Which microscopes will work with living extracellular?
|
all but electron
|
|
|
|
Which microsopes will work with living intracellular?
|
phase contrast only
|
|
|
|
Which microscopes will work with non-living extracellular?
|
ALL but dark field
|
|
|
|
Which microscopes will work with non-living intracellular?
|
ALL but dark field
|
|
|
|
Which microscopes are best with heat sensitive?
|
dark field
phase contrast for unstained living only |
|
|
|
two important functions of proteins: build new cells and +++++
|
enzymes
|
|
|
|
Cocci coccus (singular) .2 to ___ round NA for length
Cocci in pairs- ____ Nelsen gonnorhea Streptococci grow in ____ Streptococcus Pyogenes strep throat |
2
Diplococci chains |
|
|
|
Bacilli bacillus (singular) .2 to __ For length 2- ____
|
2
8 |
|
|
|
Cocci coccus (singular) .2 to ___ round NA for length
Cocci in pairs- ____ Example: Nelsen _______ Staphylococci : arrangement in a +++++ Ex Staphylococcus Aureus gram+ staph infection |
2
Diplococci bunch |
|
|
|
Cocci grow in pairs, chains, and in groups of 4 or ____ or 8 ____. A tetrad is micrococcus ____. An eight is Sarcina ____
|
tetrads
sarcina luteus subflava |
|
|
|
Staphylococci cocci grow in a ++++. Ex: Staphylococcus aureus.
Single Bacilli- Psuedomonas ____ or hanging drop. E coli are _____ and grow in ___ of rods. |
bunch
aeruginosa diplobacilli pairs |
|
|
|
Vibrios and
Spirilla. Vibrios are ___ rods. An example of vibrios is Vibrio Cholerae cause ____ diameter .2 to ___ Length .5 to ____ |
curved
cholera 2 100 |
|
|
|
Spirochetes Exoflagella bodies are _____and motile by means of axial filaments
Examples: Borrelia ______ which causes Lyme disease and Treponema ______which causes syphyliss |
flexible
Burgdorfi Pallidum |
|
|
|
Vibrios and
Spirilla. Vibrios are ___ rods. An example of vibrios is Vibrio Cholerae cause ____ diameter .2 to ___ Length .5 to ____ |
curved
cholera 2 100 |
|
|
|
Spirochetes Exoflagella bodies are _____and motile by means of axial filaments
Examples: Borrelia ______ which causes Lyme disease and Treponema ______which causes syphyliss |
flexible
Burgdorfi Pallidum |
|
|
|
Spirilla are are spirals or helicals like _____ Bodies are ____ and motile by means of _____ flagella.
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corkscrews
rigid polar |
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Spiral forms : spirilla, vibrios, and _____. Spirilla is rigid and spirochetes _____
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spirochetes
flexible |
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Bacillus Cereus are growing in ____ and called Streptobacilli
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chains
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Sprilla or Spirallaum polar arrangement: flagella at one end or _____. One or more than one flagella at each end ______. More than 1 flagella at one end only. all around or _____
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monotrichous
amphitrichous lophotrichous peritrichous |
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Sprilla or Spirallaum polar arrangement: flagella at one end or _____. One or more than one flagella at each end ______. More than 1 flagella at one end only. all around or _____
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monotrichous
amphitrichous lophotrichous peritrichous |
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Coccobaccilli not true coccus or bacilli Example: Alcaligenes ________
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Faecalis
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Flagellum 20nm in ____ and 1-____micrometers in length.
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diagmeter
70 |
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Bacteria reproduction occurs by ____ fusion or 1 cell divides into 2 genetically ____ cells.
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binary
identical |
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Longest bacteria is ____ shaped.
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spiral
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Examples of monomorphism E ___ and Staphylococcus aureus. Examples of Plemorphism: Mycoplasma, ____, Rhizobium, and _______
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Coli
Myobacteria Corynebacterium |
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Monomorphism: E ___ and Staphylococcus aureus. Examples of Plemorphism: Mycoplasma, ____, Rhizobium, and _______
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Coli
Myobacteria Corynebacterium |
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Bacilli is .2 to 2 in diameter and up to ___micrometers long.
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8
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Vibrios and Spirilla is .2 to 2 in diameter and .5 to ----- in length.
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100 micrometers
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Difference between AF and NAF AF is ______
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plemorphic
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Mycolic Acid Cell wall is so ____ and rigid cannot be stained with Gram Stain. Pleomorphic bacterika. tuberculois
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thick
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Plemorphic must do acid fast ____. Acid resistant. Steam bath to loosen wax so dye can penetrate ++++
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stain
wall |
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Parts of flagella
filament or outside ____ like structure, hook which attaches filament to basal ++++ and ____ body foundation of flagellum |
whip
body basal |
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Gram Pos and Gram Neg Motors in Basal Body propel flagellum called _____ rings.
Gram ___ has more L and M rings than Gram ____ |
L and M
neg pos |
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Parts of flagella
filament or outside ____ like structure, hook which attaches filament to basal ++++ and ____ body foundation of flagellum |
whip
body basal |
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