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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
proteins that bind to DNA and control transcription
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transcription factors
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segment of DNA in bacteria for which several genes can be transcribed and produce special enzymes needed for lactose utilization
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lac operon
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expressed gene
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exons
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useless or unexpressed genes
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introns
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transcribes DNA to RNA
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RNA polymerase
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segment of DNA
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gene
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alteration of the genetic material (ie, 1 in 10 million E. coli are resistant to rifampin because of a mutation)
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mutation
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chemical substances that increase frequency rate of mutations (ie, ultraviolet light, asbestos)
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mutagen
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change in position of a genome (ie, pili in N. gonorrhea- 12 different pili genes moved into expression lous)
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translocation
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flip in orientation in bacterial genome (ie, invertible segment in promoter for flagella gene)
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inversion
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segment of bacterial genome is lost (ie, cells that make antibodies undergo series of deletions when selected to produce one particular antibody)
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deletion
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genetic recombination (eukaryotes)
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sexual reproduction
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binary fission (prokaryotes)
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asexual reproduction
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exchange of genetic material between a donor cell and recipient cell that occurs in or through environment.
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transformation
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exchange of genetic material through donor cell to recipient through physical contact
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Conjugation
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exchange of genetic information from a donor to a recipient by way of a bacteriophage (viral vehicle)
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Transduction
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extrachromosomal DNA loop in bacteria
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plasmid
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resistance plasmid (transformation)
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R-1 plasmid
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in donor cell in conjugation; carries genes involved in transfer process and genes for F-pili
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F-plasmid
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non-conjugative plasmids can integrate selves into F-plasmids and be transferred when cell undergoes conjugation
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plasmid mobilization
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in transformation and transduction, bacteria must be similar in nucleotide sequence
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homologous recombination
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refers to new strain formed during conjugation when F plasmid inserts itself in F+ cell
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Hfr strains
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exchange of genetic material between cells (not offspring)
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horizontal gene transfer
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short segments of DNA that can move from one site on a plasmid to a different site on same plasmid, or from one plasmid to another, or from plasmid to bacterial genome
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transposoms
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insertion sequence, carries gene coding for transposonase; flanked by 2 units of DNA and the entire segment moves
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IS segments
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2 insertion sequences on either side flanking several genes, usually genes that code for antibiotic resistance
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composite transposon
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growth in population density
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bacterial growth
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a form of reproduction; bud/mini cell forms on cells surface, is released, germinates into adult
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budding
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of time it takes for one round of bacterial cell division
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generation/doubling time
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bacterial cell divides in half; daughter cells are half parental material, half newly synthesized material
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binary fission
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CHNOPS, sourced from amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases in DNA, vitamins, sugars, H2O, etc.
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essential nutrients
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an organism that requires all 20 amino acids from environment and CHNOPS
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fastidious microbe
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cannot tolerate oxygen in the environment
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obligate anaerobe
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require oxygen in the environment
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obligate aerobes
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require trace amounts of oxygen in the environment
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microaerophiles
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prefer one environment but can grow in the other
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facultative aerobes and anaerobes
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complete destruction of ALL microbes by physical means-heat, radiation, filtration, or gas
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sterilization
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removal from fomite (inanimate) surfaces of pathogens by chemical means
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disinfection
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prevention of growth by chemical agents applied to external surfaces of tissue
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antisepsis
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dry or biologic agent that destroys microbes
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bactericidal agent
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biologic agent that inhibits growth of microbes but does not destroy them
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bacteriostatic agent
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incineration (fire) or hot air oven for glass, powder or oil
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dry heat sterilization
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autoclave
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moist heat sterilization
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destroys heat resistant non-spore forming microbes by heating for 3 sec-30min
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pasteurization
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causes adjacent T or C in DNA become bonded together in plasmid or chromosome, leading to death
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UV radiation
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x and gamma rays are 10,000 times more powerful than UV-cause H2O in cells to form hydroxyl and hydronium ions, which interferes with DNA
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ionizing radiation
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mechanical method for removing microbes from fluids and air
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filtration
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interfere with microbe’s phospholipid bilayer (ammonium)
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cationic detergents
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interfere with lipoproteins in plasma membrane (soap)
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anionic detergents
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denature organism’s proteins (GNB, GPB and spore formers)
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phenols
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eradicate microbes in water filtration to make potable (GNB, GPB, and spore formers) (chlorine, iodine)
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halogens
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denature proteins and disrupt fatty acid (S. aureus)
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alcohols
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used to sterilize medical instruments
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ethylene oxide
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denature proteins and interfere w/nucleic acid synth (decontam. Rooms)
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-formaldehyde
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denature proteins and interfere w/nucleic acid synth (decontam. Rooms, lensed instruments)\
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glutaraldehyde
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low molecular weight substances that will either kill a microbe or prevent it from reproducing
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antibiotics
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ie penicillin, cephalosporin 4 classes have * ring, work by interfering with the last step of cell wall synthesis (transpeptidation), bactericidal, especially for GPB
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beta-lactam
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ie vanconycin, interfere with 2nd to last step in cell wall synthesis (transglycosylation), bactericidal for GPB
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glyopeptides
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ie streptomycin, target small subunit of ribosomes, preventing binding, bactericidal
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Aminoglycocide
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ie minocycline, target small subunit of ribosomes, distort A site, bacteriostatic
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Tetracycline
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ie erythromycin, bind to large subunit of ribosomes preventing elongation, bactericidal for GPB
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Macrolides and lincosamides
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ie norfloxocin, bind to beta subunit of DNA gyrase, inhibiting DNA replication, bactericidal for GNB
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Quinolone and fluroquinolone
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attaches to beta subunit of RNA polymerase, interfering with transcription
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Rifampin
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resemble enzymes that convert substances, attaches to antibiotic and not substrate
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Metabolic analogs
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poke holes in cell membrane causing contents to spill out
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Polymyxin and colistin
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when bacteria produce enzymes that somehow degrade/inactivate the antibiotic (ie cleaving bonds, attaching amino groups, etc.)
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Enzymatic degradation
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pump produced by bacteria (requires ATP) to remove antibiotics from cell as it diffuses in
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efflux pump
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when the target of an antibiotic undergoes point mutation, the antibiotic can’t attach
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target modification
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shield produced by bacteria to protect ribosomes, make it impossible for antibiotics to attach and inhibit protein synthesis
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protein shield
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