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138 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Definition of Microbiology?
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Area of Biology that deals with living things too small to be seen without magnification
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What branch of Microbiology studies Bacteria?
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Bacteriology
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What branch of Microbiology studies Virus?
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Virology
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What Branch of Microbiology studies Fungi?
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Mycology
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What Branch of Microbiology studies Algae?
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Phycology
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What Branch of Microbiology studies Protozoa?
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Protozoology
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What branch of Microbiology studies Helminths?
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Parasitology
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Prokaryotic VS. Eukaryotic
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Prokaryotic= NO nucleus, no membrane enclosed organelles
Eukaryotic= HAS nucleus, has membrane enclosed organelles |
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What metric scale measures Virus?
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nm (nanometer)
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What metric scale measures bacteria?
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micrometer
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What is the Spontaneous Generation Theory and who DISPROVED it?
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living things will suddenly appear from nonliving matter (meat left out=maggots, old rags and thrown out food=mice)
PASTEUR disproved |
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What is Biogenesis theory?
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Living things arise from other living things of the same kind (cats from cats, mice from mice)
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What did Leeuwenhoek contribute to Microbiology?
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-developed single lense microscope,
-didn't share knowledge, -father of bacteriology and protozoology |
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What did Louis Pasteur contribute to Microbiology?
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- Disproved spontaneous generation theory
-microbes in air contaminate open broths (swan necked flask) -certain organsisms cause certain diseases |
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What did Robert Koch contribute to Microbiology?
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-Proved germ theory of disease by finding causative for Anthrax
-ISOLATION, INOCULATION, MEDIA, PURE CULTURES, MICROSCOPE, PREPARATION |
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Define Pathogen:
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an organism that can cause disease in the normal healthy individual
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Define Normal Flora:
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microbes that normally live in or on a human, and do not normally cause disease
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Define Taxonomy:
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formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things
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What is the order of the Taxa?
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Domain
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species "Did King Popeye Come Over For Green Spinach" |
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How to write a Scientific Name?
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1) write Genus then Species
2) genus is capitalized, speices is lower cased 3) both genus and species are underlined or written in italics |
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the 5 i's?
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1) inoculation- bacteria into sterile broth or solid media w/ loop or needle
2) incubation- inoculated broth in a specific tempurature for a set time 3) isolation- isolate single colony on petri plate to obtain pure culture 4) inspection- observe growth, observe results of stains and biochemical tests 5) identification- results of tests and Bergey's Manual to identify genus and species of microorganism |
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What is Pure Culture?
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one microbe growing in culture medium
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What is Mixed Culture?
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more than one microbe growing in sample or culture medium
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Liquid media?
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-called BROTH (in test tube)
-no gelling agent (no agar) -ex: nutrient broth |
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Semisolid Media?
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-softconsistency (in test tube)
-small amount of agar -ex: motility |
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Solid Media?
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-solid, more consistent
-in test tube or petri plate -larger amount of agar -ex: nutrient agar, tsa |
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What is Agar?
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complex polysaccharide isolated form of red algae.(gelidium)
-Fanny Hesse suggested use of agar |
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Who developed the Petri Plate?
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Richard Petri
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What is a Simple Stain?
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-uses a SINGLE dye to stain cell
-distinguishes shape/size/arrangement of cells -EX: crystal violet, methylene blue |
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What is a Differential Stain?
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-2 different colored dyes; primary and counter
-distinguishes cell types/parts -gram, acid fast, endospore |
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3 basic bacterial shapes?
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Coccus (round/oval/bean)
Bacillus(rod shaped/long) Spiral or Curve -vibrio(comma) -sprillum(rigid spiral/helix) -spriochete(flexible spring shape) |
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What is the atypical bacterial shape?
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pleomorphic rods- cells of same species vary in shape and size
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What is Motile and Nonmotile?
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MOTILE: will flip, rotate, go straight
NONMOTILE: only exhibit "brownian movement" |
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How do Prokaryotic (bacterial) flagella operate?
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360 degree movement (run and tumble)
tumble = clockwise run= counterclockwise |
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What are Fimbriae?
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many short hairs used for attatchment (allow microbe to attatch to surface)
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What are Pilus?
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single, long hollow appendage
to attatch to bacteria |
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What is the composition of the Cell Envelope?
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3 outter coverings :
glycocalyx, cell wall, cell membrane |
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What is the function of glycocalyx?
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allow bacteria to adhere to the environment, protect against phagocytosis (SLIME LAYER or CAPSULE)
not all bacteria have |
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What is the function of the Cell Wall?
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mycoplasma does not have one.
determines shape and provide protection against osmotic changes. |
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What is the major molecule that composes bacterial Cell Walls?
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Peptidoglycan
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Gram Positive Bacteria?
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-THICK peptidoglycan layer
-HAS teichoicacid -NO outter membrane -Stains PURPLE w/ gram |
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Gram Negative Bacteria?
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-THIN peptidoglycan layer
-NO teichoic acid -outter membrane external to cell wall -Stains RED w/ gram |
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Composition and function of Cell Membrane?
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Third layer, all bacteria have.
-composed of phospholipid bilayer w/ proteins -DNA anchor during binary fission, location of enzymes used in ATP |
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What is Chromosome and its function?
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one circular piece of DNA that contains genetic information of the bacterial cell
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What is Plasmid and function?
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extrachromosomal DNA that contains information for conjugation or drug resistance
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Function of Ribosomes?
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site of protein synthesis, located in cytoplasm
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Function of Endospores?
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xused to survive harsh conditions
only bacillus and clostridium can form these when environment becomes harsh |
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what are the 6 factors that effect microbes existence?
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1) nutrients
2) osmotic pressure 3) temperature 4) pH 5) gas 6) other microbes |
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What are Macronutrients?
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required in large quantities and play principle roles in cell structure and metabolism.
EX: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfer |
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What are Micronutrients?
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required in smaller amounts needed for enzyme and pigment structure and function.
EX: calcium, sodium, potassium, manganese, zinc, copper |
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What is Diffusion?
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the net movement of solute molecules from their area of greater concentration to lesser concentration
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What is Facilitated Diffusion?
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The movement of larger solute molecules from an area of greater concentration to lesser with the aid of TRANSPORT PROTEIN. (some are too large to pass without aid)
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What is isotonic?
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no movement of water in or out of the cell
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What is Hypotonic?
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external concentration is lower than internal, so water moves into the cell
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What is Hypertonic?
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external concentration is higher than internal, so water moves out of the cell
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What is Halophile?
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lives in high salt environments (archaeans)
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What tempuratures do Psycrophiles prefer?
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-15c to 20c
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What tempuratures do Mesophiles (human pathogens)?
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10c to 50c
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What temperatures do Thermophiles prefer?
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45c to 80c
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What pH do Neurophiles prefer?
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pH 6-8
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What pH do acidophiles prefer?
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pH 0-2
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What pH do Alkalinophiles prefer?
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pH 8-10
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Define Aerobic gas requirement?
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Must have oxygen for growth
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Define Aerotolerant Anaerobe's gas requirement?
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does not use oxygen for growth, can tolerate oxygen
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Facultative anaerobe gas requirement?
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grows with or without oxygen
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Strict anaerobe gas requirements?
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does not use oxygen for growth; dies in presence of oxygen
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What is the Generation Time?
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period of time for one cell to become 2 cells
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4 Phases of Growth Curve:
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LAG PHASE: no rise in number of cells
EXPONENTIAL PHASE: cells divide at maximum rate STATIONARY PHASE: growth= death DEATH PHASE: cell death is greater than cell death |
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What is the Bacteria's way of Asexual Division?
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Binary Fission
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Define Metabolism:
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all chemical reactions of the cell
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Define Anabolism (synthesis) reactions:
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smaller atoms or molecules are used to make larger molecules; USES ATP
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Define Catobolism (decomposition) Reactions:
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larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules; MAKES ATP
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What is Catalyst?
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a substance that will increase the rate of a chemical reactions.
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Biological Catalyst:
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enzyme that is composed of protein
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Coenzymes =?
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NAD and FAD
both carry 2 electrons in the from of 2 hydrogen atoms |
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What is mainly used for making ATP?
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Glucose
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What is the total energy made during Aerobic Respiration?
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38 ATP
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What are the 3 stages of Aerobic Respiration?
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a) glcolysis- occurs in cytoplasm. involves 9 chemical reactions.
b) Krebs Cyle (TCA)- occurs in cytoplasm, involves 9 chemical reactions in a cycle pathway, no oxygen needed c) Electron Transport Chain- occurs in cell membrane, electrons passed back and forth to produce ATP. oxygen NEEDED |
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How many ATP does one Glucose Molecule produce?
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2ATP
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Does Fermentation need Oxygen? EXAMPLES?
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No/ uses Glycolysis ONLY.
EX: sacchromyces Cereviseae--> co2 +ethanol (bread,beer) LACTObacillus acidophilus--> (yogurt, buttermilk) |
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Anaerobic Respiration:
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includes: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, ETC.
produces LESS than 38ATPs final electron acceptor is NOT OXYGEN |
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What type of DNA is usually replicated by Replicon or Rolling Cylce?
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Chromosome or Plasmid
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What is Spontaneous Mutation?
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A random change in DNA arising from mistakes in replication
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What is Induced Mutations?
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result from exposure to known mutagens.
(mutagen=any chemical or radiation that will cause changes in the DNA) |
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What is Conjugation (plasmid only)?
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requires possession of a special plasmid with genes to make pilus = fertility plasmid
replicated by ROLLING CIRCLE |
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What is Transformation? (frederick griffith expermentation)
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streptococcus pneumoniae.
mouse died |
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What is Transduction?
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involves a VIRUS picking up a bacterial donor's DNA and transferring it to a recipient bacterium.
enters cell, replicated, synthesized, assembled, leave host by LYSIS |
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What is Transposons? (mcClintock)
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"jumping genes". will move from one area of bacterial genome to another place.
FIRST DESCRIBED BY BARBARA MCCLINTOCK chromosome/plasmid |
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What is the hardest microbial structure to kill?
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Endospore
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Define Antiseptic:
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chemicals applied directly to BODY surfaces to inhibit vegetative pathogens
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Define Disinfectant:
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use of physical process or a chemical agent that destroys vegetative cells but NOT endospores
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Define Sterilant:
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kills or removes ALL viable microorganisms (inanimate objects)
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Define Virucide:
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chemical that destroys or inactivates viruses
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Define Fungicide:
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Chemical that destroys fungal spores, hyphae, and yeasts
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Areas of bacterial structure on which agents can act to kill the microbe?
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1) Cell Wall- become fagile and lyce by osmotic pressure (detergents and alcohol)
2) Cell Membrane- cell loses its selective permeability and cannot prevent loss of vital molecules or entry of damaging molecules. (detergents) 3) Nucleic Acid Synthesis- binding irreversibly to DNA or causing mutations in DNA prevents Transcription and Translation. (radiation, formaldehyde, ethyleneoxide) 4) alter protein function- denaturing protein prevents from working (no chemical reactions) by HEAT, ALCOHOL, ACIDS, PHENOLICS, METALLIC IONS |
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What are Physical Agents?
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Most bacteria have a range over which they can grow. Minimum- Optimum- Maximum
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What are Chemical Agents?
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occur as gas, liquid, or solid.
vary from anticeptics to disinfectants to sterilants. if solid it may be dissolved in water (aqueous) or Alcohol (tincture) |
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What is Chemotheraputic Agent?
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a chemical that is used for the treatment of infectious diseases
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What is an Antibiotic?
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Metabolic product of one microorganism that inhibits or destroys other microorganisms
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What is a Natural Antibiotic?
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unchanged from organism that produces it; streptomyces is the most prolific producer
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What is Semisynthetic Antibiotic?
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Natural product is added to chemically in the lab
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What is Synthetic Antibiotic?
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drug is made completely in the lab
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How do Antimicrobial Drugs work in the CELL WALL?
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peptidoglycan in the cell wall helps to provide a rigid structure that protects agains changes in osmotic pressure in environment.
EX: penicillin and Cephalosporins |
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How to Antimicrobial Drugs work in the Cell Membrane?
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Damage to cell membrane causes disruption in metabolism or Lysis. Target special types of Lipids
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How do Antimicrobial Drugs work in Protein Synthesis?
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Most inhibitors of translation react with the ribosome-mRNA complex. 2 possible targets are 30s and 50s subunit
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How do Antimicrobial drugs work in Nucleic Acid?
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they can block the synthesis of nucleotides, and inhibit replication
EX: sulfonamide and trimethoprim, AZT |
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How do Antimicrobial Drugs work in Nucleic Acid?
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Some drugs act as an analog to an enzyme in a metabolic pathway.
EX:sulfa drugs |
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What is the most prolific producer of antibiotics?
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Streptomyces
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Penicillin characteristics:
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Antibacterial Drug
Prevents peptidoglycan production for cell wall Natural and Semisynthetic |
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Cephalosporin Characteristics:
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Antibacterial Drug
Prevents peptidoglycan synthesis more effective against G- and resistant strains |
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Tetracycline Characteristics:
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produced by Streptomyces
4 rings natural and semisynthetic doxycycline and minocycline action: bind to small ribosomal 30s subunit (inhibit protein synthesis) |
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Aminoglycosides Characteristics:
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natural
bind to small ribosomal subunits |
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Nyastin Characteristics:
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antifungal drug
used to control Candida infections of skin, vagina, or oral thrush or intestinal candiasis |
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Amphotercin B characteristics:
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antifungal
used for systemic fungal infections (such as histoplasmosis or cryptococcus meningitis) |
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What causes resistant bacteria?
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over prescribe, prescribed without culture or susceptibility test, broad spectrum usually prescribed, do not finish, antibiotics used in livestock
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What is a superinfection?
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disruption in the balance of normal flora
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What is the definition of infection?
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a condition in which pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the host defenses, enter tissues, and multiply
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What is the defnition of disease?
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a deviation from health due malfunction of a tissue or organ caused by microbes or their products
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What is the definition of Pathogenicity?
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the ability of a parasite to gain entry to hosts tissues and bring about disease
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What is the definition of pathogen?
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any agent capable of causing disease in a healthy person with normal immune defenses
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What is the definition of Opportunistic Pathogen?
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one that invades the tissues when the body defenses are suppressed
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What is the definition of Virulence?
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the degree of pathogenicity of a parasite
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What is a mixed infection?
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several agents establish a simultaneous infection
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What is a Local Infection?
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microbe confined to specific tissue
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What is a Systemic Infection?
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Pathogen spreads to many sites of systems
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What is Primary Infection?
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the initial infection
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What is Secondary Infection?
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the second infection
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What is the route of the pathogen in causing infection in host?
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CONTACT>colonization,infiltration,loss,allergy>INFECTION> cure,immunity,entrenchment, carrier state>DISEASE> cure, immunity,morbidity, mortality, carrier state
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What is the Portal Of Entry?
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site at which parasite enters the host, most microbes are adapted to a specific portal (otherwise cannot infect)
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What is the Infectious Dose?
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refers to the number of organisms that must be taken into the body to establish disease
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What are the Mechanisms Of Adhesion?
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attachment; process by which microbes gain a foothold at the portal of entry.
EX: fimbriae, glycocalyx, spikes, flagella, cilia, hooks |
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What is Virulence factors?
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used for tissure penetration
a) Exoenzymes- chemically break down or dissolve host's barriers and spread microbes b) Toxins- microbial poisons that aid establishment and progress of disease c) Antiphagocytic Factors- aid the microbe by helping to escape phagocytosis d) Antibiotic Resistance- aid in avoiding destruction by an antibiotic will add to it's violence |
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What is the Establishment in Target Organ?
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aided by virulence factors, microbes settle in their target organ of choice and continue to cause damage
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What is the Portal of Exit?
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Pathogens depart by a specific avenue many times the same as entry portals
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What are the Classic Stages of Infection?
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a) Incubation Period- time from initial contact with infectious agent and appearance of first symptoms
b) Prodromal Stage- earliest symptoms of infection (headache, fatigue, nausea, fever) c) Period of Invasion- microbe multiplies at highest rate, exhibits greatest toxicity and is well established in target tissue. d) Convalescent Period- patient's immune system begins to overcome the microbe, symptoms begin to fade, patients strength returns and body is normal |
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Difference in Communicable and NonCommunicable disease?
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Communicable- when an infected host can transmit the infectious agent to another host and establish infection in that host
Noncommunicable- arises from environmental microbes on normal flora |
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What is a Nosocomial Infection?
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infectious diseases acquired as a result of a hospital stay
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What is the definition of immunology?
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study of all biological, chemical, and physical events surrounding the function of the immune system
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