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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
MHC ____ is present on all cells EXCEPT RBCs and recognizes ENDOGENOUS antigens. |
One! 1. |
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MHC ___ is present on antigen presenting cells (APCs)!!! This includes B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells! It recognizes EXOGENOUS antigens! |
Two! 2. |
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____________ - a collection of genes coding for MHC molecules found on the surface of all nucleated cells of the body. |
Major Histocompatibility Complex. |
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_______ ________ antigens are glycoproteins found in the membranes of most cells of vertebrate animals.
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Major histocompatibility
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_______________________ Hold and position antigenic determinants for presentation to T cells.
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Major Histocompatibility Complex and Antigen-Presenting Cells
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MHC _________ : Present on all cells except red blood cells & Recognizes endogenous antigens.
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Class 1 (one). |
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MHC _______ : Present on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), Include B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, & Recognizes exogenous antigens.
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Class II (two.)
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_____________ (_________) are glycoproteins that are present in both the blood and tissue fluids.
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Antibodies (also called immunoglobulins)
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The basic structure of an antibody monomer consists of _____________________ held together by disulfide bonds.
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four protein chains
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The two ‘arms’ of the Y-shaped antibody molecule are known as the ___________ region, for “fragment of antigen binding.”
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Fab. |
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The two ‘arms’ of the Y-shaped antibody molecule are known as the Fab region, for “fragment of antigen binding.” The Fab region is the variable region, which serves as ____________________________.
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the site of antigen binding.
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The constant region of the antibody molecule includes the trunk of the Y and lower portion of each arm of the Y. The trunk of the Y is also called the ________________________________________.
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Fc region, for “fragment of crystallization
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Properties of _______ : Molecules that the body recognizes as foreign and worthy of attack / Recognized by three-dimensional regions called epitopes on antigens.
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Antigens |
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Large foreign macromolecules make the best ______.
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Antigens. |
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Primary lymphoid organs:
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Red bone marrow & Thymus.
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_________________: Lymph nodes, Spleen, Tonsils, Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
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Secondary lymphoid organs
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______________ is the body's ability to recognize and defend itself against distinct invaders and their products.
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Adaptive immunity
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Five attributes of adaptive immunity?
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Specificity, Inducibility, Clonality, Unresponsiveness to self, & Memory.
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Two main types of lymphocytes: _____________ who Mature in the bone marrow. __________ who Mature in the thymus.
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B lymphocytes (B cells) ; T lymphocytes (T cells)
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Two types of adaptive immune responses: _____________ immune responses, & ____________ immune responses.
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Cell-mediated ; Antibody (humoral)
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Explain how the response by lymphocytes to a second infection by a pathogen can be much faster than the first. |
Lymphocytes produced MEMORY CELLS during the first infection, providing ACTIVE IMMUNITY. |
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______ vaccine: Weakened strain of whole pathogen. Examples: chicken pox, german measles, mumps, TB, typhoid... |
Live attenuated vaccine. |
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_____ vaccine: Whole pathogen killed or inactivated with heat, chemicals, or radiation. Examples: Cholera, hep A, influenza, plague, rabies... |
Inactivated vaccine. |
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______ vaccine: Immunogenic antigens. Examples: Anthrax, hep B, influenza, meningitis, pneumonia, whooping cough... |
Subunit vaccine. |
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_____ vaccine: Inactivated bacterial toxin. Examples: Botulism, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus... |
Toxoid vaccine. |
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_____ vaccine: Capsule polysaccharide conjugated to protein. Examples: Meningitis... |
Conjugate vaccine. |
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Which vaccine is this? Pros: Cellular & humoral immunity, long-lasting immunity, transmission to contacts. Cons: Difficult to store and transport, risk of infection in immunocompromised patients, risk of reversion. |
Live attenuated vaccine. |
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Which vaccine is this? Pros: Ease of storage and transport, no risk of severe active infection. Cons: Weaker immunity (humoral only), higher doses and more boosters required. |
Inactivated vaccine. |
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Which vaccine is this? Pros: Lower risk of side effects. Cons: Limited longevity, multiple doses required, no protection against antigenic variation. |
Subunit vaccine. |
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Which vaccine is this? Pros: Humoral immunity to neutralize toxin. Cons: Does not prevent infection. |
Toxoid vaccine. |
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Which vaccine is this? Pros: T-dependent response to capsule, better response in young children. Cons: Costly to produce, no protection against antigenic variation, may interfere with other vaccines. |
Conjugate vaccine. |
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An _________ is a chemical that provokes a generalized activation of the immune system that stimulates greater antibody production. It is often mixed with the antigen prior to injection. |
Adjuvant. |
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Which molecular fragment on an antigen molecule do antibodies recognize and respond to?
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Epitope. |
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A molecule that is too small to be antigen is known as a(n) ________. These molecules are typically associated with ________.
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hapten; allergies
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Which class of antibody is the most abundant in serum?
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IgG
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Which class of antibody provides protection against parasitic pathogens?
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IgE
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On an antibody, where do phagocytic cells bind during antibody-mediated opsonization?
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Fc region
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Which MHC class is mostly likely found on macrophages?
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class II
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Which process describes the cross-linking of pathogens by antibodies so the kidney and spleen can filter them from the blood?
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agglutination
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Which complement cascade begins with antibodies binding to a pathogen?
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classical only
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T cells mature in which location?
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thymus
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A cell that has been infected with an intracellular pathogen will be targeted for destruction by which type of lymphocyte?
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CD8+ cytotoxic T cell
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After antigen presentation and activation, antibodies are produced and secreted by which cells?
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plasma cells
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Which protein released by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells generates pores in target cells?
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perforin
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Vaccines are an example of which class of immunity?
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active artificially acquired
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Which vaccine would be most protective against diphtheria?
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toxoid
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Which vaccine would be most protective against the capsule-forming pathogen Neisseria meningitidis?
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conjugate
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What is sebum?
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an oily substance released from sebaceous glands that contributes to defense
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What is pus?
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visible accumulation of leukocytes, cell debris, and bacteria at the site of infection
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Defensins target which process or structure of a microbial cell?
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cell membrane
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_______ is the term to describe the process that occurs when an immune cell releases cytokines to nearby cells to trigger a response?
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paracrine
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__________ is the differentiation of stem cells into various blood cells?
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hematopoiesis
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True/False: A monocyte is an agranulocyte.
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True. |
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_____ is a leukocyte used for protection against protozoa and helminths.
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eosinophil
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Which leukocyte initiates inflammation?
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mast cell
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Mast cells and basophils release which chemical moderator?
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histamine
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________ is the initial compartment a pathogen enters after being engulfed by a macrophage?
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phagosome
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Adaptive immunity is an acquired defense against foreign pathogens that is characterized by ________________.
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specificity and memory
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The first exposure to an antigen stimulates a _______________, and subsequent exposures stimulate a faster and strong ___________________.
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primary response ; secondary response
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Adaptive immunity is a dual system involving ___________________ (antibodies produced by B cells) and ______________ (T cells directed against intracellular pathogens).
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humoral immunity ; cellular immunity
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__________, also called immunogens, are molecules that activate adaptive immunity.
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Antigens |
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A single antigen possesses smaller ________, each capable of inducing a specific adaptive immune response.
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epitopes |
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___________ (immunoglobulins) are Y-shaped glycoproteins with two Fab sites for binding antigens and an Fc portion involved in complement activation and opsonization.
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Antibodies
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Antibodies (immunoglobulins) are Y-shaped glycoproteins with two ______ sites for binding antigens and an ________ portion involved in complement activation and opsonization.
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Fab ; Fc |
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The five classes of antibody are _________________________ each differing in size, arrangement, location within the body, and function.
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IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, and IgD
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The five primary functions of antibodies are...?
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neutralization, opsonization, agglutination, complement activation, and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
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_____________________________ is a collection of genes coding for glycoprotein molecules expressed on the surface of all nucleated cells.
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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) |
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________ molecules are expressed on all nucleated cells and are essential for presentation of normal “self” antigens. Cells that become infected by intracellular pathogens can present foreign antigens on ______ as well, marking the infected cell for destruction.
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MHC I
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Antigen-presenting cells: ? ? ?
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macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.
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_________ molecules are expressed only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells). Antigen presentation with _______ is essential for the activation of T cells.
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MHC II
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Antigen presentation with _______ is essential for the activation of T cells.
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MHC ll |
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_________________ primarily ingest pathogens by phagocytosis, destroy them in the phagolysosomes, process the protein antigens, and select the most antigenic/immunodominant epitopes with MHC II for presentation to T cells.
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Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
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_________________ is a mechanism of antigen presentation and T-cell activation used by dendritic cells not directly infected by the pathogen; it involves phagocytosis of the pathogen but presentation on MHC I rather than MHC II.
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Cross-presentation
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Immature T lymphocytes are produced in the ___________ and travel to the ______ for maturation.
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red bone marrow ; thymus
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______________ is a three-step process of negative and positive selection that determines which T cells will mature and exit the thymus into the peripheral bloodstream.
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Thymic selection. |
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______________ involves negative selection of self-reactive T cells in the thymus, and _______________ involves anergy and regulatory T cells that prevent self-reactive immune responses and autoimmunity.
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Central tolerance ; peripheral tolerance
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The _____ is similar in structure to immunoglobulins, but less complex. Millions of unique epitope-binding ______ are encoded through a process of genetic rearrangement of V, D, and J gene segments.
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TCRs |
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T cells can be divided into three classes—____________________—based on their expression of CD4 or CD8, the MHC molecules with which they interact for activation, and their respective functions.
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helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and regulatory T cells
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Once activated, _______________ target and kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens. Killing requires recognition of specific pathogen epitopes presented on the cell surface using MHC I molecules. Killing is mediated by perforin and granzymes that induce apoptosis.
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cytotoxic T cells
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Once activated, cytotoxic T cells target and kill cells infected with intracellular pathogens. Killing requires recognition of specific pathogen epitopes presented on the cell surface using MHC I molecules. Killing is mediated by __________ and __________ that induce apoptosis.
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perforin ; granzymes
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_____________ are bacterial or viral proteins that cause a nonspecific activation of helper T cells, leading to an excessive release of cytokines (_____________) and a systemic, potentially fatal inflammatory response.
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Superantigens ; cytokine storm
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_____________________ produce antibodies involved in humoral immunity.
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B lymphocytes or B cells
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B cells are produced in the _________, where the initial stages of maturation occur, and travel to the _________ for final steps of maturation into naïve mature B cells.
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bone marrow ; spleen
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_________________ are membrane-bound monomeric forms of IgD and IgM that bind specific antigen epitopes with their Fab antigen-binding regions. Diversity of antigen binding specificity is created by genetic rearrangement of V, D, and J segments similar to the mechanism used for TCR diversity.
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B-cell receptors (BCRs)
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Protein antigens are called _____________ because they can only activate B cells with the cooperation of helper T cells. Other molecule classes do not require T cell cooperation and are called _________________.
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T-dependent antigens ; T-independent antigens
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______________________ of B cells involves cross-linkage of BCRs by repetitive nonprotein antigen epitopes. It is characterized by the production of IgM by plasma cells and does not produce memory B cells.
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T cell-independent activation
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__________________ of B cells involves processing and presentation of protein antigens to helper T cells, activation of the B cells by cytokines secreted from activated TH2 cells, and plasma cells that produce different classes of antibodies as a result of class switching. Memory B cells are also produced.
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T cell-dependent activation
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Adaptive immunity can be divided into four distinct classifications: ????
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natural active immunity, natural passive immunity, artificial passive immunity, and artificial active immunity.
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____________ is the foundation for vaccination and vaccine development. Vaccination programs not only confer artificial immunity on individuals, but also foster herd immunity in populations.
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Artificial active immunity
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Modern vaccination was developed by __________________, who developed the practice of inoculating patients with infectious materials from cowpox lesions to prevent smallpox.
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Edward Jenner
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___________ and ___________ contain whole pathogens that are weak, killed, or inactivated.
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Live attenuated vaccines ; inactivated vaccines
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________, _________, and __________ contain acellular components with antigens that stimulate an immune response.
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Subunit vaccines ; toxoid vaccines ; conjugate vaccines
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_______________ provides a first line of defense against infection by nonspecifically blocking entry of microbes and targeting them for destruction or removal from the body.
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Nonspecific innate immunity
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The ________________ involves numerous precursor proteins that circulate in plasma. These proteins become activated in a cascading sequence in the presence of microbes, resulting in the opsonization of pathogens, chemoattraction of leukocytes, induction of inflammation, and cytolysis through the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC).
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complement system
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__________ are proteins that facilitate various nonspecific responses by innate immune cells, including production of other chemical mediators, cell proliferation, cell death, and differentiation.
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Cytokines
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Granulocytes are leukocytes characterized by a lobed nucleus and granules in the cytoplasm. These include...
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neutrophils (PMNs), eosinophils, and basophils.
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_____________ are the leukocytes found in the largest numbers in the bloodstream and they primarily fight bacterial infections.
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Neutrophils
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_______ target parasitic infections.
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Eosinophils |
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________ and __________ are involved in allergic reactions. Both release histamine and other proinflammatory compounds from their granules upon stimulation.
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Eosinophils and basophils
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___________ function similarly to basophils but can be found in tissues outside the bloodstream.
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Mast cells
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________________ are lymphocytes that recognize and kill abnormal or infected cells by releasing proteins that trigger apoptosis.
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Natural killer (NK) cells
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___________ are large, mononuclear leukocytes that circulate in the bloodstream. They may leave the bloodstream and take up residence in body tissues, where they differentiate and become tissue-specific macrophages and dendritic cells.
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Monocytes. |
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Monocytes are large, mononuclear leukocytes that circulate in the bloodstream. They may leave the bloodstream and take up residence in body tissues, where they differentiate and become tissue-specific ______________________.
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macrophages and dendritic cells.
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Phagocytes are cells that recognize pathogens and destroy them through phagocytosis. Recognition often takes place by the use of phagocyte receptors that bind molecules commonly found on pathogens, known as ____________________________________.
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pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs).
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The receptors that bind PAMPs are called _________________________. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one type of PRR found on phagocytes.
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pattern recognition receptors, or PRRs
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The five cardinal signs of inflammation are _____________________________________________. These largely result from innate responses that draw increased blood flow to the injured or infected tissue.
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erythema, edema, heat, pain, and altered function
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True/False: T-independent immunity is weak, disappears quickly, and induces little memory
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True |
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MHC ___________ : Present on antigen-presenting cells (APCs)Include B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, Recognizes exogenous antigens
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class ll |
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MHC _____ : Present on all cells except red blood cells, Recognizes endogenous antigens
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class I
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Classes of antibodies: ________ – first antibody produced
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IgM |
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Classes of antibodies : _____ – most common and longest-lasting antibody
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IgG |
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Classes of antibodies:_______ – associated with body secretions
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IgA |
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Classes of antibodies: ______ – involved in response to parasitic infections and allergies
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IgE |
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Classes of antibodies : ____ – exact function is poorly understood
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IgD |