Micro Exam 3

Front 1

Define Normal Microbiota

Back 1

colonize the surfaces of the body without normally causing disease

Front 2

Resident Microbiota

Back 2

stay through the person's entire life

Front 3

transient microbiota

Back 3

stay in the body temporarily.

Could be dislodged by competition, the body's defenses, or chemical and physical changes

Front 4

most resident microbiota are: (type)

Back 4

commensal

Front 5

What do commensal resident microbiota do?

Back 5

feed on excreted cellular wastes and dead cells

Front 6

how do we acquire normal microbiota?

Back 6

through the birthing process and in the first stages of life (the womb is anexic)

Front 7

Opportunistic Pathogens

Back 7

normal microbiota or other normally harmless microbes that can cause disease under certain circumstances

Front 8

What provides opportunities for opportunistic pathogens?

Back 8

1. introduction of normal microbiota to an unusual site in the body

2. immune suppression

3. Changes in normal microbiota

Front 9

microbial antagonism

Back 9

when normal microbiota take up space and use up the nutrients, it makes it less likely that another species could invade

Front 10

reserviors of infection

Back 10

sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection

Front 11

zoonoses

Back 11

diseases that spread naturally from their usual animal hosts to humans

Front 12

how can a human acquire zoonoses?

Back 12

direct contact wi/ animals or their waste/ eating the animal/ blood-sucking anthropods

Front 13

two types of human reserviors

Back 13

humans with active diseases

carriers

Front 14

examples of nonliving reserviors

Back 14

soil, water, and food

Front 15

why are human infections with zoonoses difficult to irradicate?

Back 15

sheer number and types of reserviors

Front 16

do humans serve as reserviors for animals?

Back 16

not typically

Front 17

what are human reserviors: carriers?

Back 17

people with no obvious symptoms before or after an obvious disease. May be infected with no symptoms for years

Front 18

how do nonliving reservoirs become reservoirs?

Back 18

usually because they become infected by feces or urine

Front 19

three basic modes of transmission

Back 19

contact transmission

vehicle transmission

vector transmission

Front 20

transmission

Back 20

from a reservoir or a portal of exit to another host's portal of entry

Front 21

direct contact transmission

Back 21

typically involves body contact between hosts

Front 22

examples of direct contact transmission

Back 22

person-to-person

touching, kissing, sex, biting, scratching

mother-to-fetus

self-inoculation

Front 23

indirect contact transmittion

Back 23

pathogens spread from one host to another by fomites

Front 24

fomites

Back 24

inanimate objects that are inadvertently used to transfer pathogens to new hosts

Front 25

Define droplet transmission. What type of transmission is it under?

Back 25

droplets are expelled when we exhale, sneeze, cough, etc. Considered contact transmission if it travels less than 1m

Front 26

vehicle transmission

Back 26

the spread of pathogens via air, drinking water, and food, as well as bodily fluids being handled outside the body

Front 27

airborne vehicle transmission

Back 27

pathogens that travels more than 1m to respiratory mucous of new host

Front 28

what is significant about waterborne vehicle transmission?

Back 28

important in the spread of GI illnesses

Front 29

types of vehicle transmission

Back 29

airborne

waterborne

foodborne

bodily fluid transmission

Front 30

vectors

Back 30

arthropods that transmit diseases from one host to another

Front 31

biological vectors

Back 31

-transmit pathogens

-serve as a host for pathogens to replicate

-pathogens can replicate within a biological vector, then enter new host from a bite.

Front 32

mechanical vectors

Back 32

not required as a host, only passively carry pathogens to no hosts on their feet or other body parts

ie- houseflies and cockroaches

Front 33

what is the most common and most frequently used portal of entry?

Back 33

respiratory tract

Front 34

contamination

Back 34

presence of microbes in or on the body

Front 35

infection

Back 35

a successful invasion of the body by a pathogen (may or may not result in disease)

Front 36

what are the three major portals of entry

Back 36

skin

mucous membranes

placents

Front 37

parenteral port of entry

Back 37

not a portal of entry but a means by which the portals can be circumvented. pathogens are directly deposited

Front 38

adhesion

Back 38

the process by which microorganisms attach themselves to cells and organisms must adhere to host cells if they want to infect them

Front 39

concerning adhesion, what can inhibit an infection?

Back 39

blocking or changing the ligand or receptor

Front 40

disease

Back 40

~when parasitic injury is significant enough to interfere with the normal functioning of the body

~any change from a state of health

Front 41

sympom

Back 41

subjective characteristics of a disease than can be felt by a patient

Front 42

signs

Back 42

objective manifestations of the disease that can be observed or measured by others

Front 43

syndrome

Back 43

group of symptoms and signs that collectively characterize a particular disease or abnormal condition

Front 44

asymptomatic infections

Back 44

go unnoticed because they have no symptoms

Front 45

stages of infectious diseases

Back 45

-incubation period

-prodromal period

-illness

-decline

-convalescence

Front 46

pathogenicity

Back 46

the ability of a microorganism to cause disease

Front 47

virulence

Back 47

the degree of pathogenicity

Front 48

does pathogenicity or virulence tell us how sever the disease is?

Back 48

no.

Front 49

virulence factors allow the pathogen to:

Back 49

-interact with and enter host

-adhere to host cells

-gain access to nutrients

-escape detection or removal by the immune system

Front 50

types of virulent factors:

Back 50

adhesion factors

biofilm formation

extracellular enzymes

toxins

antiphagocytic factors

Front 51

how to extracellular enzymes help pathogens?

Back 51

enables them to dissolve structural chemicals in the body and maintain an infection, invade further, and avoid body defenses

Front 52

examples of extracellular enzymes

Back 52

Hyaluronidase and collagenase

coagulase

kinases

Front 53

toxins

Back 53

chemicals that either harm tissues or trigger host immune responses that cause damage

Front 54

difference between toxins and extracellular enzymes?

Back 54

no clear - many enzymes are toxic and many toxins have enzymatic action

Front 55

toxemia

Back 55

toxins enter the bloodstream and are carried to other parts of the body

Front 56

two types of toxins

Back 56

exotoxins and endotoxins

Front 57

exotoxins

Back 57

proteins produced by gram-positive and -negative bacteria that detroy host cells or interfere with host metabolism

- cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and enterotoxins

Front 58

endotoxins

Back 58

-only gram-neg

-Lipid A

released when cells die and can stimulate the body to release chemicals that cause a bunch of issues and can potentially be life-threatening

Front 59

the longer a pathogen remains in a host...

Back 59

...the greater the damage and the more severe the disease

Front 60

What do WBCs do to limit the extent and duration of infecitons?

Back 60

engulfs and removes pathogens via phagocytosis

Front 61

what do capsules do?

Back 61

make the organisms slippery. can be made of things found in the body

Front 62

antiphagocytic chemicals

Back 62

some prevent fusion of lysosome and phagosome, some inhibit phagocytosis, soem directly destroy phagocytic WBCs

Front 63

incidence

Back 63

the number of new cases of a disease in a given area or population during a given period of time

Front 64

prevalence

Back 64

the total number of cases, both new and already existing, in a given area or population during a given period of time

Front 65

endemic

Back 65

a disease that normally occurs continually at a relatively stable incidence within a given population or geographical area

Front 66

sporadic

Back 66

only a few scattered cases occur within an area

Front 67

epidemic

Back 67

when a disease occurs at a greater number than usual

Front 68

pandemic

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when an epidemic occurs simultaneously on more than one continent

Front 69

Healthcare associated infection

Back 69

infections acquired by patients or healthcare workers while they are in health care facilities

Front 70

types of HAIs

Back 70

exogenous

endogenous

iatragenic

Front 71

Exogenous HAI

Back 71

pathogen acquired from a healthcare environment

Front 72

endogenous HAI

Back 72

arise from opportunistic normal microbiota within the patient due to factors within the health care setting

Front 73

iatrogenic HAI

Back 73

results from modern medical prodecures

Front 74

superinfections

Back 74

result from the use of antimicrobial drugs that inhibit some resident microbiota and allow others to survive

Front 75

factors that result in HAIs

Back 75

-presence of microorganisms in hospital environment

-immunouncompromised patients

-transmission of pathogens between staff and patients and among patiens

Front 76

species resistance

Back 76

resistance due to the cells and physiological processes of humans that are incompatible with those of most plant and animal pathogens

Front 77

how do humans show species resistence?

Back 77

dont have the correct temp or ph for the path to survive // dont have the correct receptors

Front 78

first line of defense

Back 78

external physical barriers to pathogens

Front 79

second line of defense

Back 79

internal and composed of protective cells, bloodborne chemicals, and the processes that inactivate or kill invaders

Front 80

third line of defense

Back 80

responds against unique species or strains of pathogens

Front 81

dermicidins

Back 81

broad-spectrum antimicrobials found in eccrine sweat glands

Front 82

what in skin hurts pathogens?

Back 82

salt, dermicidins (antimicrobial) , lysozyme (destroys cell wall)

Front 83

what does sebum do?

Back 83

helps keep skin pliable and less likely to break or tear AND lowers the ph of skin to a level inhibitory to many bacteria

Front 84

lacrimal apparatus

Back 84

group of structures that produce and drain away tears that join the nasal mucus and flow into the pharynx

Front 85

what do tears contain to hurt pathogens?

Back 85

lysozyme and defensins

Front 86

what does mucous contain to hurt pathogens

Back 86

lysozyme and defensins

Front 87

how does normal microbiota help with dealing with pathogens?

Back 87

competes with new pathogens by consuming all the space and nutrients // change ph to make it uninhabitable // stimulate body's second line of defense // provide vitamins

Front 88

antimicrobial peptides

Back 88

(defensins) you can find them on skin, mucous membranes, and neutrophiles and they are triggered by sugar and protein molecules on the external surfaces of microbes

Front 89

where are the majority of the second line defenses created/located?

Back 89

blood

Front 90

there is overlap between the first and second lines of defense

Back 90

:)

Front 91

plasma

Back 91

includes iron-binding proteins transferrin and ferritin which transport and store iron for humans, but they sequester iron from microbes

Front 92

three types of formed elements

Back 92

erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes

Front 93

erythrocytes

Back 93

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

Front 94

platelets

Back 94

involved in blood clotting

Front 95

leukocytes

Back 95

WBCs

involved in defending the body againts invaders

Front 96

granulocytes

Back 96

have large granules in their cytoplasm that stian different colors depending on the type

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

Front 97

basophils

Back 97

not phagocytic

can migrate from bloodstream to tissue

release inflammatory chemicals which influence the tone and diameter of blood vessels

Front 98

eosinophils

Back 98

phagocytic

can migrate from bloodstream to tissue

defend against parasitic worms

play role in allergic reactions

Front 99

neutrophils

Back 99

phagocytic

rapidly move from bloodstream to tissue

Front 100

agranulocytes

Back 100

cytoplasm appears uniform under a light microscope

lymphocytes, monocytes

Front 101

lymphocytes

Back 101

most involved in adaptive immunity

Front 102

monocytes

Back 102

leave the blood and mature into the phagocytic cells called macrophages (phagocytic cells)

Front 103

phagocytosis

Back 103

transporting a solid substance into a eukaryotic cell

Front 104

6 stages of phagocytosis

Back 104

-chemotaxis

-adherence

-ingestion

-maturation

-killing

-elimination

Front 105

opsonization

Back 105

the coating of a pathogen with proteins that help to increase phagocytosis

- increases the number and kinds of phagocyte binding sites on a microbe's surface