Micro Exam 2

Front 1

Products of glycolysis

Back 1

- 2 pyruvic acid

- 2 ATP

- 2 NADH

Front 2

Products of Krebs cycle

Back 2

- CO2

- 2 ATP

- 6 NADH

- 2 FADH2

Front 3

Glycolysis converts ________ into _________

Back 3

glucose; pyruvate

Front 4

Most common form of glycolysis

Back 4

Embden-Meyerhof

Front 5

Two stages of glycolysis

Back 5

- preparatory stage

- energy-conserving stage

Front 6

The pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative to

Back 6

glycolysis

Front 7

In oxygenic photosynthesis the source of electrons is

Back 7

water

Front 8

In anoxygenic photosynthesis the source of electrons is

Back 8

something other than water, such as H2S

Front 9

Photoautotrophs use ________ as an energy source and _______ as a carbon source

Back 9

light; carbon dioxide

Front 10

Photoheterotrophs use ________ as an energy source and _______ as a carbon source

Back 10

light; organic molecules

Front 11

Chemoautotrophs use ________ as an energy source and _______ as a carbon source

Back 11

inorganic compounds; carbon dioxide

Front 12

Chemoheterotrophsuse ________ as an energy source and _______ as a carbon source

Back 12

organic compounds; organic compounds

Front 13

Type of chemoheterotrophs that use dead organic matter for energy

Back 13

saprophytes

Front 14

Organisms that need cold conditions and cannot even grow at normal temperatures

Back 14

psychrophiles

Front 15

Organisms that like fairly cold conditions

Back 15

psychrotrophs

Front 16

Organisms that grow well at 25-40*C, most common type of microbe

Back 16

mesophiles

Front 17

Most bacteria prefer to live in hypotonic or hypertonic conditions

Back 17

hypotonic

Front 18

An enzyme that neutralizes superoxide free radicals, converts them to H202 (hydrogen peroxide)

Back 18

Superoxide dismutase (SOD)

Front 19

O2 (2-)

Back 19

Peroxide anion

Front 20

O2 (1-)

Back 20

Superoxide anion

Front 21

Enzymes that neutralizes hydrogen peroxide

Back 21

catalase, peroxidase

Front 22

OH (-)

Back 22

hydroxyl radical

Front 23

Organisms that require low-oxygen, high carbon dioxide environments. Often found in intestinal tract.

Back 23

Capnophiles

Front 24

Type of media that prevents growth of unwanted organisms and encourages growth of desired organisms

Back 24

selective media

Front 25

Type of media used to distinguish colonies of the desired organisms from other colonies on the same plate

Back 25

Differential media

Front 26

contains a pH indicator, mannitol as the only carbohydrate, and sodium chloride. Selects for species that can tolerate the high salt content and can ferment mannitol.

Back 26

Mannitol salt agar

Front 27

Type of media that contains bile salts, crystal violet, lactose, and a pH indicator. Shows production of acid from lactose.

Back 27

MacConkey agar

Front 28

Term for freeze-drying

Back 28

lyophilization

Front 29

lyophilization

Back 29

microbes are quickly frozen, water is removed by a vacuum, produces a powderlike residue that can be restored with water

Front 30

Average generation time for most bacteria

Back 30

1-3 hours

Front 31

Phases of bacterial growth

Back 31

- Lag phase - little growth

- Log phase - exponential growth

- Stationary phase - growth/death balanced

- Death phase - death exceeds growth

Front 32

Most Probable Number (MPN) method

Back 32

Taking a sample, diluting it by exponential rates, and assessing the positive/negative presence of each dilution

Front 33

Method used to count bacteria in milk

Back 33

Direct microscopic count

Front 34

removal or destruction of all forms of microbial life

Back 34

sterilization

Front 35

Commercial sterilization subjects food to enough heat to destroy the endospores of

Back 35

Clostridiumbotulinum

Front 36

Removal of harmful microbes on a non-living surface

Back 36

disinfection

Front 37

Removal of harmful microbes on a living surface

Back 37

antisepsis

Front 38

Removal of harmful microbes by mechanical removal

Back 38

degerming

Front 39

The lowest temperature at which all microbes will be killed in 10 minutes

Back 39

Thermal death point (TDP)

Front 40

The minimum length of time that all microbes will be killed in a given solution at a given temperature

Back 40

Thermal death time (TDT)

Front 41

Time, in minutes, in which 90% of microbes will be killed at a given temperature

Back 41

Decimal reduction time (DRT)

Front 42

Average time and temp of autoclave

Back 42

15 min at 15 psi (121* C)

Front 43

Classic pasteurization

Back 43

63*C for 30 min

Front 44

High-temperature short-time pasteurization (HTST)

Back 44

72*C for 15 seconds

Front 45

Ultra high temperature treatment (UHT)

Back 45

140*C for 3 seconds

Front 46

Time and temp necessary for dry heat sterilization in an oven

Back 46

170*C for 2 hours

Front 47

Bacteria able to get through .22-.45um filters

Back 47

spirochetes and mycoplasmas

Front 48

Pathogen that can grow at the low temperatures of refrigeration

Back 48

Listeria monocytogenes

Front 49

Pathogen that can survive in phagocytic cells and proliferate inside them, features "comet tails" or "actin rockets" when breaking out

Back 49

Listeria monocytogenes

Front 50

The process of extreme drying

Back 50

desiccation

Front 51

Freeze-drying

Back 51

lyophilization

Front 52

Type of bacteria that is very resistant to ionizing radiation (IR)

Back 52

Deinococcus

Front 53

Most common active substance in most phenolics

Back 53

O-phenylphenol

Front 54

usedas a demulsifyer, biocide and in fragrances; an active ingredient of Birex aone-step germicidal detergent. used to disinfect countertops

Back 54

Para-tertiary amylphenol

Front 55

Contains two phenol groups connected by a bridge

Back 55

Bisphenols

Front 56

Compound in pHisoHex, very good against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci.

Back 56

hexachlorophene

Front 57

o-benzyl-p-chlorophenolin Amphyl

Back 57

Chlorophene

Front 58

Triclosan is a

Back 58

bisphenol

Front 59

Antibacterial common in soaps and toothpastes, inhibits enzyme necessary to make fatty acids

Back 59

triclosan

Front 60

Effectiveness of alcohols against microbes

Back 60

Kills bacteria and fungi but not endospores and nonenveloped viruses

Front 61

Heavy metals that are effective antimicrobials

Back 61

silver, mercury, copper

Front 62

Surface active agents. Decrease surface tension. Soaps and detergents.

Back 62

surfactants

Front 63

Cationic detergents

Back 63

Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats)

Front 64

Two bacteria that can actively grow in quats

Back 64

Pseudomonas and Burkholderia

Front 65

Added to many meat products that inhibits botulism

Back 65

sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate

Front 66

Action of aldehydes against microbes

Back 66

inactivate proteins by forming covalent cross-links with several organic functional groups

Front 67

Gaseous sterilizer that denatures proteins, is toxic and explosive, used on spacecraft and mattresses

Back 67

ethylene oxide

Front 68

Supercritical carbon dioxide

Back 68

Carbon dioxide in a fluid state while also being at or above its critical temperature and pressure, giving it uncommon properties

Front 69

Used to decontaminate bone, tendons, or ligaments taken from donor patients

Back 69

Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2)