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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what did leeuwenhoek do? |
first to observe cells using a microscope |
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what did pasteur do? |
deferred cell theory |
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what did koch do? |
established causation of disease by microorganisms |
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what did lister do? |
aseptic techniques |
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what did jenner do? |
create smallpox vaccine |
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what does biogenesis state? |
living things come from living things |
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what does spontaneous generation state? |
living things come from non-living things |
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why was spontaneous generation supported? |
only explanation for how things came to be |
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what is the coccus shape? |
circle |
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what is the bacillus shape? |
rod |
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what is the spiral shape? |
curly |
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what is the strepto- arrangement? |
chain of circles |
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what is the staphylo- arrangement? |
grape-like cluster |
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what is the sarcina arrangement? |
circles shaped into a cube |
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describe prokaryotes (7) |
1. no nucleus 2. no organelles 3. unicellular 4. cell is a capsule 5. all are bacteria 6. divide by binary fission 7. have small ribosomes |
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describe eukaryotes (7) |
1. nucleus 2. organelles 3. uni or multicellular 4. cytoskeleton 5. not bacteria 6. divide by mitosis 7. have large ribosomes |
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how are prokaryotes and eukaryotes similar (6)? |
1. ribosomes 2. DNA 3. cytoplasm 4. cell membrane 5. flagella 6. cell division |
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what does it mean to be gram-positive? |
thicker wall, more PG, stains purple |
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what does it mean to be gram-negative? |
thinner wall, less PG, stains red, outer membrane |
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what is a prokaryotic cell membrane made up of? |
phospholipid bilayer / carbs and proteins |
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what does the prokaryotic cell membrane secrete? |
exoenzymes |
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what does a eukaryotic cell membrane contain that a prokaryotic membrane does not? |
sterols |
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describe a cell membrane (5) |
1. selectively permeable 2. covered by cell wall 3. in all cells 4. lipid bilayer 5. flexible |
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describe a cell wall (5) |
1. permeable 2. outer-most layer 3. only in plant and bacteria cells 4. made of chitin or glycoproteins 5. fixed shape |
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what is diffusion? |
movement of molecules from high to low concentration |
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what does facillitated diffusion use? |
carrier proteins |
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what is osmosis? |
diffusion of water |
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what is active transport? |
uses ATP to cross membrane |
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what is endocytosis? |
taking in materials |
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what is exocytosis? |
materials leaving cell |
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what are archaea? |
unicellular organisms that inhabit extreme environments |
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do archaea have cell walls? |
yes |
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what is the main difference between archaea and bacteria? |
archaea do not have PG in their cell walls |
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what is taxonomy? |
the science of classifying organisms |
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why is taxonomy good? |
provides a universal language and allows for organization |
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put the classifications in order from broad to specific |
domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species |
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what was scientific nomenclature created by? |
Linnaeus |
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what is a dichotomy tree? |
used to identify unknown organisms by running tests and observing results |
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what is normal flora? |
bacteria that are always on skin and don't cause disease |
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what is E.coli? (shape, gram, air, location, causation) |
rod, negative, aerobic, intestinal flora, food poisoning/UTI |
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what is P.aeruginosa? (shape, gram, air, location, causation) |
rod with flagella, negative, aerobic, soil and water, infections in burn patients (nosocomial) |
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what is H.pylori? (shape, gram, air, location, causation) |
vibroid, negative, microaerophillic, stomach lining, ulcers/cancer |
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what is B.anthracis? (shape, gram, air, location, causation) |
rods, positive, aerobic or facultative, sheep, anthrax poisoning |
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what is S.aureus? (shape, gram, air, location, causation) |
grape clusters, positive, facultative, flora, infections/food poisoning |
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what is S.mutans? (shape, gram, air, location, causation) |
cocci chains, positive, anaerobic, teeth, plaque |
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what is M.tuberculosis? (shape, cell wall, air, causation) |
macrophages, atypical cell wall, aerobic, fever/fatigue/cough blood |
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describe multicellular fungi (4) |
1. live on dead organic matter 2. reproduce sexually or asexually 3. made of hyphae 4. low temp |
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describe unicellular yeast (4) |
1. live off of dead or living matter 2. reproduce by budding or fission 3. single celled 4. high temp |
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what is mycosis? |
a disease caused by a fungus |
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what is dimorphism? |
fungi that exist as either yeast or mold (can be both) |
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what is brown algae? |
kelp, cellulose wall, multicellular |
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what is red algae? |
red, cellulose wall, multicellular, agar |
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what is green algae? |
green, cellulose wall, uni or multicellular |
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what is the intermediate host? |
human |
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what is the definitive host? |
mosquito |
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where do sporozoites divide? |
liver |
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where do merozoites divide? |
red blood cells |
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where does sexual reproduction occur? |
mosquito |
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where does asexual reproduction occur? |
human |
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are all viruses living? |
unknown |
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are all viruses bad? |
no |
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describe where viruses attack |
either a specific cell or entire body |
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describe the make up of viruses (3) |
1. DNA or RNA, single or double stranded 2. capsid protein coat to enclose DNA 3. phospholipid envelope |
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what is catabolism? |
breaks down large molecules to make ATP |
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what is anabolism? |
uses ATP to build molecules |
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what is exergonic? |
energy lost as heat, some stored |
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what is energonic? |
energy stored |
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what is the structure of ATP? |
adenine, 3 phosphate groups, ribose |
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what is the formula for cellular respiration? |
glucose + O2 + ADP --> H2O + CO2 + ATP |
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what are the 3 steps of cellular respiration? |
glycolysis, kreb's cycle, electron transport chain |
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describe enzymes (4) |
1. speed up chemical reactions 2. recyclable 3. should not be changed 4. active sites |
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what is substrate-level phosphorylation? |
phosphate group is added to a substrate |
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why are 2 ATP needed for glycolysis? |
to activate glucose |
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what are the end products of glycolysis? |
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP |
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what is pyruvate? |
pyruvic acid; product of glycolysis |
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what is decarboxylation? |
carbon removed as CO2 |
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what does acetyl CoA do? |
merge with oxaloacetate to form citrate |
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what do NAD+ and FAD+ do? |
transport electrons to mitochondria |
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how many ATP does NADH produce? |
3 |
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how many ATP does FADH produce? |
2 |
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how many ATP does cellular respiration produce? |
38 |
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how many ATP does the electron transport chain produce? |
34 |
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how many ATP does glycolysis produce? |
2 |
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how many ATP does the kreb's cycle produce? |
2 |
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where does NADH enter the ETC? |
first protein complex |
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where does FADH enter the ETC? |
COQ |