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193 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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who began making and using simple microscopes?
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Antoni can Leeuqenhoek
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who developed taxonomic system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together?
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Carolus Linnaeus
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Name the six categories Leeuwenhoek group microorganisms into
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Fungi
Protozoa Algae Bacteria Archaea Small multicellular animals |
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Is Fungi eukaryotic or prokaryotic?
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Eukaryotic
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how fo Fungi obtain food?
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from other organisms
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T or F
Fungi have a cell wall |
T
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T or F
Fungi do not have a cell wall |
F
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Fungi is composed of which two groups?
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Molds and Yeasts
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Molds are multicelular or unicellular?
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multicellular
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Yeasts are multicellular or unicellular?
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unicellular
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How does mold grow?
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as long filaments
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How does mold reproduce?
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by sexual and asexual spores
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How does yeast reproduce?
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asexually by budding
some produce sexual spores |
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Fungi wall is made of ____
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Kytin
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Protozoa are ____-celled eukaryotes
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single
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Protozoa are similar to animals in __ __ and __ __
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nutrient needs
and cellular structure |
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Protozoa live freely in ___ and some live in ___ hosts
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water
animal hosts |
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how do Protozoa reproduce?
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Asexual (most)
and sexual |
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What 3 ways of locomotion do most Protozoa use?
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Pseudopodia
Cilia Flagella |
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What are cell extensions that flow in direction of travel?
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Pseudopodia
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What are numerous, short protrusions that propel organisms through environment?
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Cilia
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Extensions of a cell that are fewer, longer, and more whiplike than cilia?
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Flagella
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Are Algae unicellular or multicellular?
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both
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how do algae make food?
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photosynthetic
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are algae reproductive structures simple or complex?
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simple
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how are algae categorized?
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pigmentation
storage products composition of cell wall |
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Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes or eukaryotes?
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prokaryotes
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bacteria and archaea -
unicellular or multicellular? |
unicellular
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bacteria and archaea -
have nuclei? |
lack nuclei
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T or F
Bacteria and Archaea like moisture? |
T
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how do bacteria and archaea reproduce?
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asexually
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Do all bacteria cause disease?
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no; many are helpful
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Bacteria cell walls contain ___
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peptidoglycan
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Do all bacteria have cell walls?
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some lack cell walls
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Archaea cell walls composed of ___
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polymers other than peptidoglycan
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why do a few bacteria cause disease?
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they derive nutrition from human cells and produce toxic wastes
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Why don't algae cause disease?
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they make their own food
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What four questions did scientists search for answers to?
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Is spontaneous generation of microbial life possible?
What causes fermentation? What causes disease? How can we prevent infection and disease? |
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In the past some philosophers and scientist thought living things arose from what 3 processes?
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asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction from nonliving matter |
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What is spontaneous generation?
Who proposed it? |
living things can arise from nonliving matter
Aristotle |
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Whose experiment used decaying meat, isolated it from flies, and maggots never developed?
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Redi
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What was the result of Redi's experiment?
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Scientists began to doubt Aristotle's theory of spontaneous generation
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Whose experiment used beef gravy and infusions of plant material?
What idea did this reinforce? |
Needham
that animals cannot arise spontaneously but that microbes can |
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Who said that Needham didn't heat vials enough or sealed them well enough, microorganisms exist in air, and spontaneous generation doesn't occur
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Spallanzani
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Critics of ___'s experiment said that sealing a vial doesn't allow enough air for organisms to survive
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Spallanzani
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___'s experiment found that when"swan-necked" flasks were upright no microbial growth appeared, but when tilted microbes could grow
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Pasteur
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What is this called?
Observation to Question Question to hypothesis Hypothesis is tested Results prove or disprove (If accepted then leads to theory/law, if not then reject or modify hypothesis) |
Scientific Method
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What field is explanation of cell function at the molecular level?
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Molecular Biology
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In what field are genes in microbes, plants, and animals manipulated for practical applications?
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Recombinant DNA Technology
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In what field do they insert a missing gene or repair a defective one in humans by inserting desired gene into host cells
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Gene Therapy
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___ uses living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments
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Bioremediation
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___ is the study of blood serum
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Serology
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___ is the study of the body's defense against specific pathogens
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Immunology
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Chemotherapy:
___ discovered penicillin ___ discovered sulfa drugs |
Fleming
Domagk |
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Name the 4 processes of life
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Growth
Reproduction Responsiveness Metabolism |
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Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
No membrane around DNA; no nucleus |
Prokaryotes
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Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
Have membrane surrounding DNA; have nucleus |
Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
Lacks other membrane bound structures |
Prokaryotes
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Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
Have internal membrane-bound organelles |
Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
Small; ~1.0 um in diameter |
Prokaryotes
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Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
Larger; 10-100 um in diameter |
Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
"simple" structure |
Prokaryotes
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Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
more complex structure |
Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
comprised of bacteria and archaea |
Prokaryotes
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Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
Comprised of algae, protozoa, fungi, animals, and plants |
Eukaryotes
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Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes:
have a cell membrane that binds them, but no membrane bound structures |
Prokaryotes
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Name the 2 things that are Prokaryotes
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bacteria
archaea |
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Name the 5 things that are Eukaryotes
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algae
protozoa fungi animals plants |
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Do all bacterium have flagellum?
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no
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___ is a gelatinous, sticky substance surrounding the outside of the cell
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Glycocalyx
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___ is composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both
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Glycocalyx
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Name the 2 types of Glycocalyces
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Capsule
Slime layer |
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Capsule or Slime layer:
Firmly attached to cell surface |
Capsule
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Capsule or Slime layer:
bad for us, it is probably pathogenic if it has ___ |
capsule
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Capsule or Slime layer:
May prevent destruction by host immune system |
Capsule or Slime layer:
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Capsule or Slime layer:
Loosely attached to cell surface |
Slime layer
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Capsule or Slime layer:
Water soluble |
Slime layer
(dissolves in water) |
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Capsule or Slime layer:
allows attachment to surfaces |
slime layer
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Capsules and slime layers protect cells from ___
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desiccation (drying)
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The presence of a ___ is a feature of numerous pathogenic bacteria
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glycocalyx
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___ are responsible for movement
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Flagella
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___ are long structures that extend beyond cell surface
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Flagella
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T or F
All prokaryotes have flagella |
F
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T or F
Not all prokaryotes have flagella |
T
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Bacterial Flagella
composed of ___, ___, and ___ ___ |
Filament
Hook Basal body |
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hollow filament is made of identical globular molecules of a protein called ___
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flagellin
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___ is capable of rotating 360˚
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filament
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___ of flagella propels bacterium through envrironment
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rotation
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T or F
bacterial flagella can rotate in only one direction |
False
they can rotate clockwise or counterclockwise |
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Runs: movement in ___ direction due to ___ flagellar rotation; increase with ___ stimuli
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single
counter-clockwise favorable |
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Tumbles: abrupt, random, ___ direction due to ___ flagellar rotation; increase with ___ stimuli
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changes in
clockwise unfavorable |
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Name 2 nonmotile extensions
(of bacteria) |
Fimbriae and Pili
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Fimbriae or Pili?
sticky, protein based bristle-like projections |
Fimbriae
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Fimbriae or Pili?
used by bacteria to adhere to one another, to hosts, and to substances in environment |
Fimbriae
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Fimbriae or Pili?
May be hundreds per cell and are shorter than flagella |
Fimbriae
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Fimbriae or Pili?
serve an important function in biofilms |
Fimbriae
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Fimbriae or Pili?
Long hollow tubules composed of pilin |
Pili
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___ are longer than fimbriae but shorter than flagella
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Pili
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Fimbriae or Pili?
Bacteria typically only have one or two per cell |
Pili
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Fimbriae or Pili?
Join two bacterial cells and mediate the transfer of DNA from one cell to another process is called ___? |
Pili
Conjugation |
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Almost all gram-___ cells will have sex pili
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negative
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___ ___ provides structure and shape and protects from osmotic forces (water)
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cell wall
(prokaryotes) |
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___ ___ assists some cells in attaching to other cells or in eluding antimicrobial drugs
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cell wall
(prokaryotes) |
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___ cells do not have a cell wall so antibiotics can safely target bacteria with cell walls
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animal
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T or F
Bacteria and archaea have different cell wall chemistry |
T
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T or F
Bacteria and archaea have the same cell wall chemistry |
F
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most bacterial cell walls composed of ___
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peptidoglycan
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Do all bacteria have a cell wall?
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a few lack a cell wall
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Peptidoglycan is composed of sugars ___ and ___
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NAG and NAM
(bacterial cell wall) |
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Name two types of bacterial cell walls
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gram-positive
and gram-negative |
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gram-positive or -negative?
relatively thick layer of peptidoglycan |
positive
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gram-positive or -negative?
contains teichoic acids (some anchor peptidoglycan to cell membrane) |
positive
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gram-positive or -negative?
retains crystal violet dye in Gram staining procedure; appear ___ |
positive
purple |
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acid-fast bacteria contain up to 60% ___ ___; helps cells survive desiccation
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mycolic acid
(gram-positive) |
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gram-positive or -negative?
have only a thin layer of peptidoglycan |
negative
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gram-positive or -negative?
bilayer membrane outside the peptidoglycan contains (phospholipids, proteins, and) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) |
negative
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gram-positive or -negative?
may be impediment to the treatment of disease |
negative
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gram-positive or -negative?
have porins and what are porins? |
negative
integral proteins that form channels so sugars can enter cell |
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gram-positive or -negative?
cells appear pink after gram staining |
negative
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___ is a union of lipid with sugar
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LPS
lipopolysaccharide |
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LPS is also known as ___
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endotoxin
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Lipid portion of LPS is known as ___ __
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Lipid A
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Lipd A is released when ___ disintegrates
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cell wall
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What happens when antimicrobial drugs cause the release of Lipid A?
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triggers various symptons:
fever, vasodilation, inflammation, shock, and blood clotting in humans |
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gram-negative bacteria:
the ___ ___ is between outer membrane and cell membrane |
Periplasmic Space
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The periplasmic space contains ___ and ___
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peptidoglycan
and periplasm |
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___ in the periplasmic space contains water, nutrients, and substances secreted by the cell, such as digestive enzymes and proteins involved in transport
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Periplasm
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___ cell walls do not have peptidoglycan
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Archael
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___ cell walls contain a variety of specialized plysaccharides and proteins
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Archael
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Gram-postivie archaea stain ___
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purple
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Gram-negative archaea stain ___
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pink
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prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane is referred to as ___ ___
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phospholipid bilayer
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prokaryotic cytoplasmic membrane (phospholipid bilayer) is composed of ___ and ___
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lipids
associated proteins |
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about half of a bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is composed of ___ ___
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integral proteins
also contains glycoproteins |
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___ ____ are loosely attached to the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane on one side or the other
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Peripheral proteins
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proteins of ___ ___ ___ may act as recognition proteins, enzymes, receptors, carriers, of channels
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bacterial cytoplasmic membranes
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___ ___ model describes current understanding of membrane structure
(individual pieces put together and proteins/lipids can flow laterally within membrane) |
fluid mosaic
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bacterial ___ ___ controls passage of substances into and out of the cell; selectively permeable
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cytoplasmic membrane
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___ ___ functions in energy storage and harvests light energy in photosynthetic prokaryotes
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cytoplasmic membrane
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bacterial cytoplasmic membrane
-naturally ___ to most substances |
impermeable
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bacterial cytoplasmic membrane
-___allow substances to cross membrane |
proteins
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bacterial cytoplasmic membrane
-occurs by ___ or ___ processes |
passive
active |
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bacterial cytoplasmic membrane
-maintains a ___ gradient and ___ gradient |
concentration
electrical |
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when solutions on either side of a selectively permeable membrane have the same concentration of solutes the two solutions are said to be ___
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isotonic
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when the concentrations of solutions are unequal, the solution with the higher concentration of solutes is said to be ___ to the other
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hypertonic
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the solution with a lower concentration of solutes is ___
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hypotonic
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active process of transport requres ___
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ATP
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Active Transport
untilizes ___ ___ and expends ATP |
permease proteins
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Active Transport:
___ is when one substance is transported at a time |
Uniport
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Active Transport:
___ is when 2 chemicals are simultaneously tranported but in opposite directions |
Antiport
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Active Transport:
___ is when 2 substances move together in same direction |
Symport
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Active Transport:
___ ___ is when a substance is chemically modified during transport |
Group Translocation
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cytoplasm of prokaryotes:
___ is the liquied portion of cytoplasm |
Cytosol
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cytoplasm of prokaryotes:
___ may include reserve deposits of chemicals |
Inclusions
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cytoplasm of prokaryotes:
___ are environmentally resistant strustures |
Endospores
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cytoplasm of prokaryotes:
___ play a role in forming the cell's basic shape |
Cytoskeleton
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cytoplasm of prokaryotes:
___ sites of protein synthesis |
Ribosomes
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the ribosomes in prokaryotes are __S
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70
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the ribosomes in eukaryotes are __S
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80
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eukaryotic cells:
___ are never as organized as prokaryotic capsules, help anchor animal cells to each other, strengthen cell surface, provide protection against dehydration, and function in cell to cell recognition and communication |
Glycocalyces
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Fungi algae plants, and some protozoa have ___ but no ___
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cell walls
glycocalyx |
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eukaryotic cell walls are composed of various ___
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polysaccharides
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___ cell walls are composed of various polysaccharides
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eukaryotic
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___ is found in plant cell walls
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cellulose
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fungal cell walls composed of ___, ___, and/or ___
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cellulose
chitin glucomannan |
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___ cell walls composed of cellulose, chitin, and or glucomannan
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fungal
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all eukaryotic cells have ___
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cytoplasmic membrane
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prokaryotes have cytoplasmic membrane but not around ___
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organelles
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eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane is a fluid mosaid oc ___ and ___
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phospholipids and proteins
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eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane contains ___ to help maintina fluidity
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steroid lipids
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___ ___ ___ controls movement into and out of cell
uses diffusion |
eukaryotic cytoplasmic membrane
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___ enables substances to be exported from cell
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Exocytosis
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cytoplasm of eukaryotes - name the nonmenbranous organelles
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flagella
cilia ribosomes cytoskeleton centriols and centrosome |
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___ has a shaft composed of tubulin arranged from microtubules
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flagella
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flagella has a _+_ arrangement of ___ in all flagellated eukaryotes
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9+2
microtubules |
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T or F
there is only 1 flagella |
F
they may be single or multiple |
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where are flagella generally found?
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at one pole of cell
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Do flagella rotate or undulate?
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they undulate rhythmically
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___ are shorter and more numerous than flagella
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cilia
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what propels cells?
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coordinated beating
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what do cilia do?
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move substances past the surface of the cell
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are eukaryotic or prokaryotic ribosomes larger?
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eukaryotic are larger 80S
made of 60S and 40S |
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function of eukaryotic cytoskeleton?
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anchor organelles
cytoplasmic streaming and movement of organelles movement during endocytosis and amoeboid action produce basic shape of the cell |
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___ is made up of tubulin microtublues, actin microfilaments, and intermediate filaments composed of various proteins
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eukaryotic cytoskeleton
serve as scaffolding system |
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___ play a role in mitosis, cytokinesis, and in formation of flagella and cilia
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Centrioles
eukaryotic |
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___ is the region of cytoplasm where centrioles are found
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Centrosome
eukaryotic |
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cytoplasm of eukaryotes contains ___
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membranous organelles:
nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles, vesicles, mitochondria, chloroplasts |
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___ is often largest organelle in eukaryotic cell
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nucleus
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___ contains most of the cell's DNA
eukaryotic |
Nucleus
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the nucleus has a semiliquid portion called ___
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nucleoplasm
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___ is surrounded by double membrane composed of two phospohlipid bilayers - ___ ____
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nucleus
nuclear envelope |
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___ is a netlike arrangement of flattened, hollow tubules continuous with nuclear envelope
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endoplasmic reticulum
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endoplasmic reticulum functions as ___
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transport system
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