Micro Exam 1 #1

Front 1

What is the importance of microbiology?

Back 1

causes of illnesses have changed drastically over the last 100 years and human health will continue to change in the next 100 years

Front 2

What was a major milestone in micro?

Back 2

invention of antibiotics

Front 3

Why have certain diseases not been eradicated after the invention of antibiotics?

Back 3

RESISTANCE

Front 4

What is the life expectancy of individuals in the US in 1900s and in 2003?

Back 4

1900s: 47 years
2003: 77.6 years

Front 5

What was leading cause of death in 1900s?

Back 5

infectious disease (now makes up 6 or 7 of top 10 causes)

Front 6

What do influenza and pneumonia make up?

Back 6

a leading cause of death

Front 7

What is the most effective way to combat infectious disease?

Back 7

IMMUNIZATION

Front 8

Why did infectious disease move from the #1 cause of death?

Back 8

-changes in lifestyle
-improvements in public health (sanitation)
-changes in public health (chlorination of water)
-medical advances (ab, immunizations, screening tests, diagnostic tests)

Front 9

When was penicillin first discovered and when was it first used?

Back 9

1920, used in 1940

Front 10

Why does ID still remain a large cause of death?

Back 10

-emergence of new infectious diseases
-re-emergence of old infectious diseases
-persistence of resistant and successful infectious diseases

Front 11

What are some contributing factors to keeping ID a problem in the US?

Back 11

-globalization
-urbanization
-complacency?
-bugs are smarter than us!

Front 12

What is microbiology the study of (5 things)?

Back 12

-bacteria
-fungi
-protozoans (algae)
-viruses
-prions

Front 13

What is the path of human contact with microbes?

Back 13

-encounter with host
-entry into host
-establishment of infection
-damage (disease or illness)

Front 14

How does a microbe gain entry into a host (usually)?

Back 14

-through mouth or nose

Front 15

What does a microbe do when it is establishing an infection?

Back 15

-attachment (MOST important thing it does; no infection without this!)
-spread and multiplication (fight initial host defenses)

Front 16

What are symptoms of an infection sometimes caused by?

Back 16

immune response to organism

Front 17

T/F: most encounters result in disease

Back 17

FALSE

Front 18

T/F: humans are composed of more bacterial cells than eukaryotic cells

Back 18

TRUE

Front 19

Where is most normal flora in body found in?

Back 19

GI tract

Front 20

What does a blue color indicate?

Back 20

gram positive

Front 21

What do dots represent?

Back 21

cocci

Front 22

What are most gram positive cocci?

Back 22

staph or strep

Front 23

How do staph and strep present?

Back 23

staph: grapelike clusters
strep: chains

Front 24

What are most mircoorganisms (normal flora) of the body?

Back 24

bacteria (over 200 species)

Front 25

What kind of relationship does normal flora have with host?

Back 25

commensal (neither harms nor benefits host; lives with and derives benefit from host)

Front 26

Are normal flora protective of host?

Back 26

yes- prevent colonization by by more virulent pathogens

Front 27

What does normal flora of an individual depend on?

Back 27

-gender
-age
-genetics
-stress
-nutrition

Front 28

At birth we are sterile, but later we come into contact with microbes...how?

Back 28

-contact with maternal microbes (vaginal canal, skin)
-contact with air and food (breastfeeding)

Front 29

How do opportunistic infections arise?

Back 29

normal flora that:
-overgrow
-move location
-defenses suppressed (AIDS, transplant immunosuppression)

Front 30

What is iatrogenic?

Back 30

-physician caused (i.e. yeast infection secondary to ab use)

Front 31

What is normal flora?

Back 31

Microbes normally found in or on body

Front 32

What is colonization?

Back 32

Pathogenic microbes are present but do not cause inflammatory response

Front 33

What is infection?

Back 33

Successful persistence of microbes causing inflammatory reaction

Front 34

What is disease?

Back 34

Infection which causes significant damage to the host

Front 35

What is the difference between endogenous and exogenous?

Back 35

exogenous means a disease caused by organisms in the environment, while endogenous means a disease caused by organisms that are normally found in the body (normal flora)

Front 36

What is tissue tropism?

Back 36

essential growth factors for certain flora at different locations, discouraging growth factors at other sites

Front 37

What are 2 bacterial factors of normal flora?

Back 37

-construction of biofilms (protective layers)
-surface components (ligands)

Front 38

Which structures of the body are normally colonized?

Back 38

-skin
-upper resp tract
-GI tract
-urinary tract (urethra)
-GU tract

Front 39

In which structures of the body is there transient exposure?

Back 39

-stomach
-bladder
-uterus

Front 40

Where would gram - organisms be found on the skin and what's an example?

Back 40

in moist, warm environments (i.e. the armpit)
-ex. clostridium perfringens

Front 41

Densely populated areas of the skin are called what?

Back 41

intertrigenous regions

Front 42

Where would gram + be found on the skin?

Back 42

all over, in increasing numbers (i.e. forearm)

Front 43

Where would anaerobic organisms be found on the skin?

Back 43

in deep glands

Front 44

What are organisms in nose similar to?

Back 44

organisms on skin (s. aureus)

Front 45

What part of the body is normally sterile?

Back 45

sinuses

Front 46

What type of organism is found in the oropharynx and what does the oropharynx serve as?

Back 46

gram +
-portal of entry

Front 47

What type of organism is found in the mouth typically? What is in the gingival creases?

Back 47

streptococci in the mouth, anaerobes in the gingival creases

Front 48

Dental plaque

Back 48

-naturally constructed bio-film
-bacterial metabolites causes caries and periodontal dz
-60-70% normal flora
-streptococcus mutans (plaque lowers O2)
-anaerobes (promote caries)

Front 49

Lower Respiratory Tract (when would you see colonization?)

Back 49

-normally bacteria-free
-colonization in chronic lung dz (COPD)

Front 50

Stomach

Back 50

-normally transient (killed by acidic environment)
-exception: H. pylori
- >50% US population colonized with H. pylori

Front 51

GI tract

Back 51

-duodenum protected by stomach acid
-ileum moderately colonized
-large intestine has LOTS of bacteria (mostly anaerobes i.e. E. coli)

Front 52

GU tract

Back 52

-usually only distal urethra colonized (mixed flora)
-strep epidermidis
-enterococcus faecalis
-alpha-hemolytic streptococci

Front 53

Vagina

Back 53

-changes with age, menstruation, sexual activity
-staphylococci
-E. coli
-lactobacillus acidophilus (lactic acid lowers pH suppressing overgrowth of flora)

Front 54

Where should normal flora NOT be found?

Back 54

-blood
-CSF
-synovial fluid (around joints)
-deep connective tissues

Front 55

Gram negative rods

Back 55

E. coli

Front 56

Gram negative diplococci

Back 56

streptococcus pneumoniae

Front 57

How do yeast infections result from ab use?

Back 57

ab kill bacteria including normal flora (i.e. the gram positive organisms on our skin), yeast loses its competition for food and space and food sources and overgrows=yeast infection

Front 58

What are 3 benefits of normal flora?

Back 58

-synthesize and excrete vitamins (enteric bac --> vitamins B12 and K)
-bile conversion (key compounds become active when they are deconjugated by bac in the large intestine)
-stimulate immunity (peyer's patches in the intestine (IgA)

Front 59

Direct effect of host defenses (to resist colonization of other pathogens)

Back 59

-competition (bacterial interference)
-production of bacteriocins (protein "antibiotics" impede colonization by other bacteria)
-depletion of essential nutrients (i.e. glucose and iron)
-production of toxic end products (peroxide, fatty acids)

Front 60

Indirect effect of host defenses (to resist colonization of other pathogens)

Back 60

-complement (generation of inflammation, attraction of phagocytes, lysis of pathogens)
-inflammatory response
-phagocytosis

Front 61

Probiotics

Back 61

-lactobacillus acidophilus
-may be preventive for cancer
-animal studies: preventive for end organ damage in sepsis (liver and intestinal)
-commercial food industry
-ab assoc diarrhea?

Front 62

What are 3 ways in which normal flora can become pathogenic?

Back 62

-if competitors killed
-if immune system not competent (HIV, organ transplantation)
-if normal flora moves

Front 63

Normal flora as carcinogen

Back 63

Metabolic transformation of food by normal flora in LB may cause activation of food product carcinogens