Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
phylogenetic relationships |
how organisms are naturally related to one another |
|
has helped majorly in discovering how things are related |
molecular probes |
|
used to trace the descendants of organisms that are closely related |
molecular clocks |
|
Fibrinopeptides are an example of a _______ mutations |
neutral |
|
what are two examples of mutations that are not neutral |
rRNA and histone proteins |
|
if you look at organisms that diverged recently, you can get insight into how long ago they diverged by looking at things such as |
fibrinopeptides or other neutral molecular clocks |
|
when looking at organisms that diverged long ago, you can use a molecular clock such as _______ or ________ that are not neutral |
rRNA or histone proteins |
|
how was the arachaean domain identified? |
molecular clocks |
|
what was the specific molecular clock that identified Archaens seperate from bacteria |
16sRNA |
|
Who developed the 5 kingdom system |
Whittaker |
|
what are the 3 domains? |
Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea |
|
What domain used to dominate the planet? |
Archaea |
|
what are the 3 archaeans |
methanogens, halophiles, and hyperthermophiles |
|
who was a major contributer in recognizing the difference in bacteria and archaea |
Ralph Wolfe |
|
What type of cell do archaeans have? |
prokaryotic |
|
what type of cell wall do Archean have |
varying in composition, but not peptidoglycan |
|
What is the first amino acid in protein synthesis for Archaeans |
methioinine |
|
Do Archaeans have antibiotic sensitivity? |
no |
|
Do Archaeans have an rRNA loop? |
no |
|
What type of cells do Bacteria have? |
prokaryotic |
|
What type of cell wall do bacteria have |
peptidoglycan |
|
what are the membrane lipids of bacteria composed of? |
straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage |
|
what are the membrane lipids of archaeans composed of |
branched carbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkage |
|
what is the first amino acid in protein synthesis for bacteria |
formylmethionine |
|
Do bacteria have antibiotic sensitivity |
yes |
|
do bacteria have an rRNA loop? |
yes |
|
What cell type are Eukarya? |
eukaryotic |
|
what do the cell walls of eukarya contain |
carbohydrates |
|
What is the membrane lipids composed of in Eukarya |
straight carbon chains attached to glycerol by ester linkage |
|
First amino acid in protein synthesis for eukarya? |
methionine |
|
do eukarya have antibiotic sensitivity? |
no |
|
Do eukarya have an rRNA loop? |
no |
|
states that organelles at one time were free living bacteria until they became associated with a mother cell |
endosymbiont hypothesis |
|
who came up with the endosymbiont hypothesis |
Lynn Margules |
|
killer/kappa particles that when examined we realized are bacteria? |
parameciam |
|
a population of cells with similar characteristics |
prokaryotic species |
|
genetically different cells within a clone with minor variations |
strain |
|
Which domains are prokaryotic |
Archaea and Bacteria |
|
catchall kingdom for a variety of organisms; autotrophic and heterotrophic (Eukaryotic) |
protista |
|
What are the 3 kingdoms of more complex eukaryotic organisms? |
Fungi, Plantae, and animalia |
|
1. chemoheterotrophic
2. unicellular or multicellular 3. cell walls made of chitin 4. develop from spores of hyphal fragments |
Fungi |
|
1. multicellular 2. cellulose cell walls 3. undergo photosynthesis |
plantae |
|
1. multicellular
2. no cell wall 3. chemoheterotrophic |
animilliae |
|
what are tricky to classify and often the host range is used or with antibodies or ecological niche |
viruses |
|
not part of any domain, not composed of cells, requires a host cell |
viruses |
|
provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea |
Bergey's manual of Determinitive Bacteriology |
|
used to note types of specimens collected and tests to be conducted |
Lab requisition forms |
|
used to collect and transport pathogens to a labratory |
transport media |
|
useful for identifying Eukaryotes, but tell little about phylogenetic relationships |
morphological characteristics |
|
gram-staining, acid-fast staining. Not useful for bacteria without cell walls. Most common |
Differential staining |
|
determine presence of bacterial enzymes |
biochemical tests |
|
perform several biochemical tests simultaneously and the results of each test is assigned a number |
rapid-identification methods |
|
the science that studies serum and immune responses in serum |
serology |
|
a solution of antibodies is tested against an unknown bacteria |
anti-serum |
|
bacteria agglutinate when mixed with antibodies produces in response to the bacteria |
slide agglutination test |
|
can differentiate between species and strains within species |
serological testing |
|
known antibodies and an unknown type of bacterium are added to a well and a reaction identifies the bacteria |
ELISA |
|
identifies antibodies in patients serum; confirms HIV infection |
western blotting |
|
a test for determining which phages a bacterium is susceptible to |
phage typeing |
|
on a plate, clearings called plaques appear where phages infect and lyse bacterial cells |
phage typing |
|
fatty acid methyl esters provide profiles that are constant for a particular species |
FAME |
|
uses differences in electrical conductivity between species or flourescence |
flow cytometry |
|
used to separate different samples of cells quickly |
flow cytometry |
|
taxonomists use this to draw conclusions about relatedness |
DNA Base Composition |
|
how is DNA base composition expressed |
percentage of guanine plus cytosine (G + C) |
|
if two organisms are closely related they will have similar amounts of ________ |
various bases |
|
electrophoresis of restriction enzymes digests of an organisms DNA, comparing fragments from different organisms provides information on genetic similarities and differences |
DNA Fingerprinting |
|
use of PCR to amplify DNA of an unknown microorganism that can't be cultured |
NAAT |
|
measures the ability of DNA strands from one organism to hybridize with DNA strands of another organism |
Nucleic Acid Hybridization |
|
the greater degree of hybridization = |
a greater degree |
|
uses nucleic acid hybridization to identify unknown microbes using DNA probes |
southern blotting |
|
what are DNA chips also known as |
microray |
|
contains DNA probes and detects pathogens by hybridization between the probe and DNA in the sample- detected by fluorescence |
DNA chips |
|
used to determine the phylogenetic relationship among organisms by rRNA sequencing |
ribotyping |
|
fluorescent DNA or RNA probes stain the microorganisms being targeted and determines the identity, abundance, and relative activity of microorganisms in an environment |
FISH |
|
Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology differs from Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology in that the former |
groups bacteria according to phylogenetic relationships |
|
Bacillus and Lactobacillus are not in the same order. This indicates that which one of the following is not sufficient to assign an organism to a taxon |
morphological characteristics |
|
Which of the following is used to classify organisms into the Kingdom Fungi? |
absorptive; possess cell wall; eukaryotic |
|
Which of the following is false about scientific nomenclature? A. each name is specific B. Names vary with geographical location C. The names are standardized D. Each name consists of a genus and specific epithet E. It was first designed by Linnaeus |
B. |
|
You could identify an unknown bacterium by all of the following except: A. hybridizing a DNA probe from an unknown bacterium with the unknown's DNA B. making a fatty acid profile of the unknown C. specific antiserum agglutinating the unknown D. ribosomal RNA sequencing E. percentage of guanine + cytosine |
E |
|
The wall-less mycoplasmas are considered to be related to gram-positive bacteria. Which of the following would provide the most compelling evidence for this? |
The share common rRNA sequences |
|
A multicellular organism that has a mouth and lives inside the human liver? |
Animallia |
|
Into which group would you place a photosynthetic organism that lacks a nucleus and has a thin peptidoglycan wall surrounded by an outer membrane |
proteobacteria (gram-negative bacteria_ |