Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Which of the following is not considered a microorganism?
|
mushroom
|
|
|
An area of microbiology that is concerned with the occurrence of disease in human populations
|
epidemiology
|
|
|
Which process involves the deliberate alteration of an organism's genetic material?
|
recombinant DNA
|
|
|
A prominent difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the _________.
|
presence of a nucleus in eukaryotes
|
|
|
Which of the following parts was absent from Leeuwenhoek's microscopes?
|
condenser
|
|
|
Abiogenesis refers to the ___________
|
spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter
|
|
|
A hypothesis can be defined as___________.
|
a scientific explanation that is subject to testing
|
|
|
Which early microbiologist was most responsible for developing standard microbiology laboratory techniques?
|
Robert Koch
|
|
|
Which scientist is most responsible for finally laying the theory of spontaneous generation to rest?
|
Louis Pasteur
|
|
|
When a hypothesis has been thoroughly supported by long-term study and data, it is considered___________.
|
a theory
|
|
|
Which is the correct order of the taxonomic categories, going from most specific to most general?
|
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
|
|
|
By definition, organisms in the same____ are more closely related than are those in the same________.
|
class, phylum
|
|
|
Which of the following are prokaryotic?
a.) bacteria b.) archaea c.) protists d.) both a and b |
bacteria & archaea
|
|
|
Which of the following is not one of the six "I's"?
|
illumination
|
|
|
The term culture refers to the _________growth of microorganisms in _______.
|
macroscopic, media
|
|
|
A mixed culture is________.
|
one that contains two or more known species
|
|
|
Agar is superior to gelatin as a solidifying agent because agar________
|
does not melt at room temperature & is not usually decomposed by microorganisms
|
|
|
The process that most accounts for magnification is____________.
|
refraction of light rays
|
|
|
A subculture is a______________.
|
culture made from an isolated colony
|
|
|
Resolution is______________ with a longer wavelength of light.
|
worsened
|
|
|
A real image is produced by the ___________.
|
objective
|
|
|
A microscope that has total magnification of 1,500X when using the oil immersion objective has an ocular of what power?
|
15X
|
|
|
The specimen for an electron microscope is always___________
|
killed
|
|
|
Motility is best observed with a _________________.
|
hanging drop preparation
|
|
|
Bacteria tend to stain more readily with cationic (positively charged) dyes because bacteria_________.
|
contain large amounts of acidic substances
|
|
|
The primary difference between a TEM and SEM is in ______________.
|
preparation of the specimen
|
|
|
A fastidious organism must be grown on what type of medium?
|
enriched medium
|
|
|
What type of medium is used to maintain and preserve specimens before clinical analysis?
|
transport medium
|
|
|
Which of the following is not an optical microscope?
|
atomic force
|
|
|
Which structure is not a component of all cells?
|
cell wall
|
|
|
Viruses are not considered living things because___________-
|
-they are not cells
-they cannot reproduce by themselves -they lack metabolism |
|
|
Which of the following is not found in all bacterial cells?
|
actin cytoskeleton
|
|
|
The major locomotor structures in bacteria are_________
|
flagella
|
|
|
Pili are tubular shafts in_____bacteria that serve as a means of _________.
|
gram-negative, genetic exchange
|
|
|
An example of a glycocalyx is ___________
|
a capsule
|
|
|
Which of the following is a primary bacterial cell wall function?
|
support
|
|
|
Which of the following is present in both gram-positive and gram negative cell walls?
|
peptidoglycan
|
|
|
Metachromatic granules are concentrated ________found in_______.
|
PO4, Corynebacterium
|
|
|
Bacterial endospores function in ____________.
|
survival
|
|
|
An arrangement in packets of eight cells is described as a ___________.
|
sarcina
|
|
|
The major difference between a spirochete and a spirillum is_______.
|
the nature of motility
|
|
|
Which phylum contains bacteria with a gram-positive cell wall?
|
Firmicutes
|
|
|
To which taxonomic group do cyanobacteria belong?
|
Domain Bacteria
|
|
|
Which stain is used to distinguish differences between the cell walls of medically important bacteria?
|
Gram stain
|
|
|
The first living cell on earth was most similar to___________.
|
an archaea
|
|
|
Both flagella & cilia are found primarily in_____________.
|
protozoa
|
|
|
Features of the nuclear envelope include_____ &_________.
|
a double membrane structure; pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm
|
|
|
The cell wall is usually found in which eukaryotes?
|
fungi & algae
|
|
|
What is embedded in rough endoplasmic reticulum?
|
ribosomes
|
|
|
Yeasts are______fungi, and molds are_____fungi.
|
unicellular; filamentous
|
|
|
In general, fungi derive nutrients through__________.
|
digesting organic substrates
|
|
|
A hypha divided into compartments by cross walls is called_______.
|
septate
|
|
|
Algae generally contain some type of__________.
|
chlorophyll
|
|
|
Which characteristic is not typical of protozoan cells?
|
spores
|
|
|
The protozoan trophozoite is the________.
|
active feeding stage
|
|
|
All mature sporozoa are_________.
|
parasitic & nonmotile
|
|
|
Parasitic helminths reproduce with__________.
|
cysts
|
|
|
Mitochondria likely originated from_______.
|
purple bacteria
|
|
|
Human fungal infections involve and affect what areas of the human body?
|
skin, mucous membranes, & lungs
|
|
|
Most helminth infections are ___________ to one site in the body.
|
localized
|
|
|
A virus is a tiny infectious________.
|
particle
|
|
|
Viruses are known to infect_______.
|
all organisms
|
|
|
The capsid is composed of protein subunits called________.
|
capsomers
|
|
|
The envelope of an animal virus is derived from the_______of its host cell.
|
membrane
|
|
|
The nucleic acid of a virus is either______or______.
|
DNA or RNA
|
|
|
The general steps in a viral multiplication cycle are_____________.
|
adsorption, penetration, synthesis, assembly, and release
|
|
|
A prophage is a______stage in the cycle of___________.
|
latent; bacterial viruses
|
|
|
The nucleic acid of animal viruses enters the host cell through______&______.
|
fusion & endocytosis
|
|
|
In general, RNA viruses multiply in the cell_____, and DNA viruses multiply in the cell_________.
|
cytoplasm; nucleus
|
|
|
Enveloped viruses carry surface receptors called_________.
|
spikes
|
|
|
Viruses that persist in the cell and cause recurrent disease are considered_________.
|
latent
|
|
|
Viruses cannot be cultivated in__________.
|
blood agar
|
|
|
Clear patches in cell cultures that indicate sites of virus infection are called_________.
|
plaques
|
|
|
Which of these is not a general pattern of virus morphology?
|
complex, helical
|
|
|
A microbicidal agent has what effect?
|
destroys microorganisms
|
|
|
Microbial control methods that kill______are able to sterilize.
|
endospores
|
|
|
Any process that destroys the non-spore-forming contaminants on inanimate objects is_____.
|
disinfection
|
|
|
Sanitization is a process by which___________.
|
the microbial load on objects is reduced
|
|
|
An example of an agent that lowers the surface tension of cells is______.
|
alcohol
|
|
|
High temperatures________& low temperatures_____.
|
kill cells; inhibit cell growth
|
|
|
The primary action of moist heat is to ________.
|
denature proteins
|
|
|
The temperature-pressure combination for an autoclave is _____________.
|
121 degrees Celsius and 15psi
|
|
|
Microbes that are the targets of pasteurization include________.
|
Mycobacterium species & Salmonella species
|
|
|
Ionizing radiation removes___________from atoms.
|
electrons
|
|
|
The primary mode of action of nonionizing radiation is to__________.
|
make pyrimidine dimers
|
|
|
The most versatile method of sterilizing heat-sensitive liquids is________.
|
filtration
|
|
|
____________is the iodine antiseptic of choice for wound treatment.
|
Iodophor
|
|
|
A chemical with sporicidal properties is______.
|
glutaraldehyde
|
|
|
Silver sulfadiazine is used_________
|
in antisepsis of burns
|
|
|
Detergents are low-level_______.
|
germicides
|
|
|
Which of the following is an approved sterilant?
|
ethylene oxide
|
|
|
A compound synthesized by bacteria or fungi that destroys or inhibits the growth of other microbes is an___________.
|
antibiotic
|
|
|
Microbial resistance to drugs is acquired through__________.
|
conjugation, transformation, & transduction
|
|
|
R factors are__________that contain a code for______.
|
plasmids, drug resistance
|
|
|
When a patient's immune system becomes reactive to a drug, this is an example of an__________.
|
allergy
|
|
|
An antibiotic that disrupts the normal flora can cause________.
|
a superinfection
|
|
|
Most antihelminthic drugs function by______________.
|
inhibiting worm metabolism
|
|
|
Select a drug or drugs that can prevent a viral nucleic acid from being replicated.
|
azidothymidine & acyclovir
|
|
|
Which of the following effects do antiviral drugs not have?
|
killing extracellular viruses
|
|
|
Which of the following modes of action would be most selectively toxic?
|
preventing cell wall synthesis
|
|
|
The MIC is the________of a drug that is required to inhibit growth of a microbe.
|
smallest concentration
|
|
|
An antimicrobial drug with a________therapeutic index is a better choice than one with a_______therapeutic index.
|
high; low
|
