Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The respiratory tracts are divided into two. What are those?
|
Upper and lower tracts
|
|
The upper respiratory tracts are ... ?
|
Nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, and larynx
|
|
The lower respiratory tracts are ... ?
|
Lungs and bronchi
|
|
Which infection is more dangerous, the lower or upper respiratory tract?
|
Infections in the upper respiratory tract are fairly common; those in the lower respiratory tract are dangerous.
|
|
Describe the innate immune response.
|
The cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms, in a non-specific manner.
|
|
Describe the adaptive immune response.
|
It is adaptive immunity because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges.
|
|
Why is the respiratory system the most accessible system in the body?
|
Breathing brings in clouds of potentially infectious pathogens via respiratory tracts.
|
|
Upper respiratory tract is essentially a sterile environment. True of False?
|
False: Upper respiratory tract is continuously exposed to potential pathogens.
Lower respiratory tract is essentially a sterile environment. |
|
How are respiratory pathogens transmitted?
|
Respiratory pathogens are easily transmitted from human to human. They circulate within a community so that infections spread easily.
|
|
Name two respiratory fungi which are the most dangerous?
|
Aspergillus and Pneumocystis
|
|
Fungi do not normally cause infection unless ... ?
|
The patient is in some way immunocompromised.
|
|
Pathogen, Legionella, only infects where?
|
Lungs
|
|
Streptococcus can cause infections at where?
|
Middle ear infections, Sinusitis, and Pneumonia.
|
|
Name the frequent sites of infection of the upper respiratory tracts.
|
Middle ear, Mastoid cavity, Nasal sinuses, and Nasopharynx.
|
|
Describe the significant defenses in the upper respiratory tracts.
|
Mucociliary escalator (ciliated pseudostartified columnar ET) to trap pathogens and moves them up and out of the system; coughing to eliminate organisms forcefully
|
|
Describe the significant defenses in the lower respiratory tracts.
|
Alveolar macrophages in the alveoli helo protect against infection.
|
|
Which is more danderous to have infection, in the upper or lower respiratory tract?
|
The lower respiratory tract
Infections are more dangerous. |
|
Describe innate immune response in the body defense mechanisms.
|
The cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms, in a non-specific manner
|
|
Describe adaptive immune response in the body defense mechanisms.
|
It is adaptive immunity because the body's immune system prepares itself for future challenges.
|
|
Why is the respiratory system the most accessible system in the body?
|
Because breathing brings in clouds of potentially infectious pathogens.
|
|
Some respiratory pathogens exist as part of the normal flora. Others are acquired from ...?
|
Animal source, water, air etc
|
|
Most dangerous fungi in respiratory infection are ...?
|
Aspergillus and Pneumocystis
|
|
Some pathogens are restricted to certain sites. Legionella only infects where?
|
Lungs
|
|
Some pathogens cause infection in multiple sites. Streptococcus can cause what?
|
Middle ear infections, Sinusitis, and Pneumonia
|
|
Frequent sites of infection are ...?
|
Middle ear.
Mastoid cavity. Nasal sinuses. Nasopharynx. |
|
Describe the significant defenses in the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract.
|
The upper respiratory tract: Mucociliary escalator & Coughing.
The lower respiratory tract: Alveolar macrophages. |
|
Bacteria that infect the respiratory system can be divided into groups. Describe four groups.
|
a. Those that cause otitis media (middle ear infection), sinusitis, and mastoiditis
b. Those that cause pharyngitis c. Typical and atypical community-acquired pneumonia d. Hospital-acquired (nosocomial) pneumonia |
|
Blood agar is used to detect what?
|
Bacteria that produce enzymes to break apart the blood cells, which is called hemolysis.
|
|
Beta Hemolysis in a blood agar indicates what?
|
Complete Hemolysis,
Clear Zone Around Colonies on Blood Agar |
|
Alpha Hemolysis on a blood agar indicates what?
|
Incomplete Hemolysis
Greenish Zone Around Colonies on Blood Agar |
|
Gamma Reaction on a blood agar indicates what?
|
Absence of a Hemolytic Reaction
No Change Around Colonies on Blood Agar |
|
Name a prominent American microbiologist- serological classification of beta-hemolytic streptococcal bacteria.
|
Rebecca Craighill Lancefield
|
|
Name the classification which is based on Serological Groupings.
|
Lancefield Groups
|
|
Describe a pathogen in Group A in Lancefield Groups.
|
Streptococcus pyogenes
The most virulent human pathogen of the genus and beta hemolytic Often identified by rapid serological tests or by antibiotic resistance. |
|
Describe a pathogen in Group B in Lancefield Groups.
|
Streptococcus agalactiae.
Mildly to moderately virulent; esp. in children & elderly Usually beta or alpha hemolytic; some strains are gamma Detected biochemically. |
|
Describe a pathogen in Group C in Lancefield Groups.
|
Includes Streptococcus equi, which causes strangles in horses, and S. zooepidemicus- a subspecies of S. equi
- Causes infections in several species of mammals including cattle and horses. This can also cause death in chickens and moose. |
|
Describe a pthogen in Group D in Lancefield Groups.
|
Includes the fecal streptococci (enterococci)
Normal colon flora in humans & other animals Genus Enterococcus Several species; eg. Enterococcus faecalis Occasionally pathogenic; often in urinary tract infections Usually gamma reactive Detected biochemically |
|
Name a infection which is swelling and irritation (inflammation) of the voice box (larynx) that is usually associated with hoarseness or loss of voice?
|
Laryngitis
|
|
What is the inflammation of the cartilage that covers the trachea (windpipe)?
|
Epiglottitis
|
|
What pathogen cause the epiglottitis?
|
Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Streptococcus pyogenes.
|
|
What pathogen cause the laryngitis?
|
-Haemophilus influenzae & Streptococcus pneumoniae, could be fungal and viral.
|
|
What pathogen cause the ottis media?
|
Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Streptococcus pyogenes.
|
|
What is the general term for infection or inflammation of the ear-fluid/pus/in the middle ear?
|
Otitis media
|
|
Mastoiditis is uncommon but very dangerous because...?
|
Mastoid cavity is close to the nervous system and large blood vessels.
|
|
Sinusitis's most common three causative agents are ...?
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis
|
|
A classic form of pharyngitis is ...?
|
Strep throat
|
|
S. pyogenes can cause what (3 answers) ?
|
Pharyngitis, scarlet fever and toxic shock syndrome.
|
|
Streptococcus pyogenes contains what in order to inhibit phagocytosis?
|
M protein
|
|
Scarlet fever is usually seen in who?
|
Children under age of 18 years
|
|
Symptoms of scarlet fever can include ... ?
|
Very sore throat with yellow or white papules
Fever of 101˚F or higher Lymphadenopathy in neck Headache, body aches, and nausea |
|
Diphtheria is caused by the toxin produced by what?
|
Corynebacterium diphtheriae which is a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis
|
|
Diphtheria can be accompanied by what?
|
Plaque-like pseudomembrane in the throat
|
|
Diphtheria is transmitted by what?
|
Droplet aerosol, direct contact with skin, and fomites (clothing, furniture, soap, etc).
|
|
What can make diphtheria life threatening?
|
Toxemia (毒血症)
|
|
What must be done as quickly as possible for treatment of diphtheria?
|
Toxin neutralization
|
|
Corynebacterium is poorly invasive, but effects of infection are due to what?
|
Due to the exotoxin.
|
|
What is the pathogenesis of diphtheria?
|
Corynebacterium diphtheriae is a small Gram-positive bacillus, a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis.
|
|
Describe the picornaviruses.
|
Extremely small, non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses
|
|
Optimum temperature for picornavirus growth is ...?
|
33˚C, which is the temperature in the nasopharynx
|
|
50% that have rhinovirus infection are due to what?
|
Picornaviruses.
|
|
Parainfluenza virus contains what?
|
Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase
|
|
What are the differences regarding transmission and pathology between influenza virus and parainfluenza virus?
|
Parainfluenza virus replicates in the cytoplasm while influenza virus replicates in the nucleus.
|
|
Parainfluenza is genetically more stable than influenza, and there is very little mutation so ... ?
|
Little antigenic drift, and no antigenic shift
|
|
Parainfluenza is a serious problem in elderly people. True or False?
|
False: more serious in infants and small children.
|
|
Bacterial pnemonia can be divided into two types. What are those?
|
Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) and Community-acquired
|
|
Nosocomial pneumonia is usually associated with Staphylococcus aureus or Gram-negative bacteria. True or False?
|
True.
|
|
Community-acquired pneumonia usually presents as what?
|
A lobar pneumonia
|
|
Community-acquired pneumonia is accompanied by what?
|
Accompanied by fever, chest pain, and production of purulent sputum.
|
|
Describe 4 stages of classical lobar pneumonia.
|
1. Acute congestion - local capillaries become engorged with neutrophils.
2. Red hepatization - red blood cells from the capillaries flow into the alveolar spaces. 3. Grey hepatization - large numbers of dead neutrophils (are the first immune cells that reach the site of infection through a process known as chemotaxis) and degenerating red cells 4. Resolution - adaptive immune response begins to produce antibodies. Which control the infection. |
|
Describe 2 types of atypical pneumonia.
|
a. Coughing without sputum
b. Caused by a variety of bacterial pneumonia which can progress to the production of lung abscesses. |
|
Typical bacterial pneumonia is a respiratory condition with what?
|
Inflammation of the lung.
|
|
Describe the Lobar Pneumonia.
|
Streptococcus pneumonia that affects a part of a lobe in the lung or it may affect more than one lobes.
|
|
Describe the Bronchial Pneumonia.
|
Pneumonia spreads to several patches in one or both lungs and is most prevalant in infants, young children and aged adults
|
|
Name the Gram-positive bacteria causing pneumonia.
|
Gram-positive bacteria:
Streptococcus pneumoniae, often called "pneumococcus" , Staphylococcus aureus, with Streptococcus agalactiae. |
|
Name the Gram-negative bacteria causing pneumonia.
|
Gram-negative bacteria:
Haemophilus influenzae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Moraxella catarrhalis. |
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae is treated with what?
|
Penicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, and erythromycin.
|
|
Chlamydia pneumonia is referred to as what?
|
Walking pneumonia because no need for hospitalization.
|
|
Mycoplasma pneumonia is a mild form of pneumonia. True or False?
|
True.
|
|
What kind of infection have had a significant role in the increase of tuberculosis?
|
HIV and AIDS
|
|
How many people are infected by tuberculosis in the world?
|
An estimated 1.7 billion
|
|
What leads to the evolution of drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
|
Noncompliance practiced by many patients who stop taking the drugs early because the treatment of tuberculosis require the daily administration of antibiotics for long period (at least 6 months)
|
|
What are the initial symptoms of tuberculosis?
|
Fever
Fatigue Weight loss Chest pain Shortness of breath Congestion with coughing |
|
Tuberculosis is caused by ...?
|
Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
|
|
Describe the characteristics of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
|
Rod-shaped bacillus
Acid-fast stain Nonspore forming Produces mycolic acid |
|
M. tuberculosis cell wall interferes with what?
|
Macrophage function (white blood cells which acts as phagocytes) and immune cells activation
|
|
When Mycobacterium is ingested by macrophages, it inhibits the formation of what?
|
Phagolysosome and eventually escape into the cytoplasm of the macrophage.
|
|
Primary tuberculosis occurs when?
|
When a host encounters pathogen for the first time.
|
|
Describe the tubercles.
|
Aggregates of enlarged macrophages filled with bacteria which are readily seen on X-rays
|
|
Secondary tuberculosis can be due to ...?
|
Reactivation of old lesions & gradual progression of primary tuberculosis into chronic disease.
|
|
Describe the therapy for tuberculosis.
|
Isoniazid (INH), Pyrazinamide (PZA)
Rifampicin (RFP) -> taken once a day for two months, followed by INH and RFP for nine more months. |
|
Compliance for tuberculosis can be difficult because of ...?
|
Because of side effects: the drugs are very toxic and most serious is liver toxicity.
|
|
Pertussis infection is spread by ...?
|
Spread by airborne droplets from patients in the early stages.
|
|
What is the common name for pertussis?
|
WHOOPING COUGH
|
|
Pertussis is caused by ...?
|
Bordetella pertussis
|
|
Describe the characteristics of Bordetella pertussis.
|
Gram-negative coccobacillus, which is a strictly human pathogen that has an affinity for ciliated bronchial ET.
|
|
Symptoms of pertussis can be similar to those of a cold. True or False?
|
True: that is why infected adults often spread the infection to schools and nurseries.
|
|
Immunization against pertussis started in the 1940s and continues today as part of what?
|
DTaP vaccination
|
|
Bordetella pertussis has an affinity for what?
|
Ciliated bronchial epithelium.
|
|
After Bordetella pertussis attaching to ciliated bronchial epithelium, it produces what?
|
A tracheal toxin.
|
|
Describe the first stage of pertussis after an incubation period.
|
a. Persistent perfuse and mucoid rhinorrhea (runny nose)
b. May have sneezing, malaise, and anorexia c. Most communicable during this stage |
|
Most common complications of pertussis are what?
|
Superinfection with Streptococcus pneumonia & Convulsions
|
|
Inhalation anthrax produces ...?
|
Produces a fulminate pneumonia which comes on suddenly with great severity and leads to respiratory failure and death.
|
|
Anthrax primarily a disease of herbivores which are acquired from spores found in the soil of pastures. True or False?
|
True!
|
|
Inhalation anthrax is caused by...?
|
Bacillus anthracis
|
|
What is the characteristic of inhalation anthrax?
|
Gram-positive rod
Spore-forming which germinate in human tissues |
|
Pathogenesis of inhalation anthrax results from producing what?
|
The powerful exotoxin
|
|
Describe the characteristics of Legionella pneumophila.
|
Gram-negative rod
Cannot be stained or grown using normal techniques |
|
Legionella pneumophila is transmitted by a direct physical contact with infected person. True or False?
|
False: Transmitted to humans as a humidified aerosol.
|
|
Q fever is caused by ...?
|
Caused by Coxiella burnetii
|
|
Describe the characteristics of Coxiella burnetii.
|
Gram-negative
Spore-forming Grows well in placenta of animals |
|
Most cases of Q fever resolve spontaneously, but what can be given to shorten fever?
|
Tetracycline
|
|
Name the infection which is contracted by inhalation of bird droppings infected with Chlamydia psittaci.
|
Psittacosis (Ornithosis)
|
|
What antibiotics are effective for Psittacosis if given early.
|
Tetracycline and erythromycin
|
|
Majority of acute viral infections are in the lower respiratory tract and caused by what?
|
Influenza virus & Respiratory syncytial virus.
|
|
Differentiate between direct and indirect transmission.
|
Direct – through droplets
Indirect – through hand transfer of contaminated secretions |
|
Describe the characteristics of influenza virus.
|
orthomyxovirus whose virions are surrounded by an envelope.
Genome is single-stranded RNA Allows a high rate of mutation Three major serotypes of virus: A, B, and C. |
|
Influenza virus multiplies in where?
|
The ciliated cells of lower respiratory tract.
|
|
What will occur inside body if one is infected by influenza virus?
|
a. Cellular synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins is shut down.
b. Ciliated and mucus-producing epithelial cells are shed. |
|
Three bacteria which are common causes of superinfection are ...?
|
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae Staphylococcus aureus |
|
The best treatments for influenza virus are what?
|
Rest and fluid intake, conservative use of analgesics for myalgia and headache, and cough suppressants.
|
|
What are useful to treat influenza virus only if the infection is diagnosed within 12-24 hours?
|
Amantidine and rimantadine
|
|
According to Lancefield, which group is the most virulent human pathogen of the genus?
|
Group A (Streptococcus pyogenes)
|
|
Parainfluenza and influenza virus replicates in where?
|
Parainfluenza virus replicates in the cytoplasm.
Influenza virus replicates in the nucleus. |
|
Describe the four stages in a classical lobar pneumonia.
|
Acute congestion -> Red hepatization -> Grey hepatization -> Resolution
|
|
Penicillin attacks where or what?
|
The peptidoglycan found in bacterial cell walls.
|