Micro Bio Unit 11 Prt 2

Front 1

Low temp

Back 1

Method of prevention microbial infection

Bacteriostatic,

Uses: food, drugs, culture media

Pg4

Front 2

Dessiccation

Back 2

Removes h2o bacteriostatic

Uses food

Front 3

Osmotic pressure

Back 3

Hypertinuc solution

Ex. Salt and sugar brines

Uses food

Method of prevention microbial infection

Pg4

Front 4

Radiation

Longwave

Back 4

Non-ionized

Uv light cant penetrate

OR, autopsy room, some equip

Front 5

Short wave radiation

Back 5

Ionizing

Gamma rays

Penetrates

Replaces gas sterilization

Uses food, disposables, medical supplies

Front 6

Chemical methods prevent infection

Back 6

Pg5

Front 7

Phenol

Back 7

Carbolic acid

Rarely used because caustic and strong odor

Used In throat lozengers: local anesthetic

Derivatives called phenolics: cresol or lysol

Hexachlorophene(pHisoHex): Excessive use causes neurological damage

Chlorhexidine: surgical scrubs

Triclosan: Antibacterial soaps (Resistance?)

Front 8

Halogens

Back 8

Iodine antiseptic disinfectant betadine

Chlorine: effective disinfectant (bleach)

combines with H2O to form hypochlorous or HOCL

Front 9

Alcohol

Back 9

Swab skin/ clean equipment

Kills bacteria and fungi but not endospores

Ethenol (60-95%)

Isopropanol (rubbing alcohol)

Tinctures: alcohol added to increase the effectiveness of chemicals

Front 10

Heavy metals

Silver

Mercury

Copper

Back 10

Antiseptic or disinfectant ,

1% silver nitrate,

mercuric chloride,

and copper sulfate

Front 11

Surface active agents

Soap and detergents

Back 11

Mechanical removal

Emulsifies

Front 12

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Back 12

QUATS

Antimicrobial odorless colorless tasteless non-toxic

Uses mouthwash

Zephiran: benzalkonium chloride

Front 13

Organic compounds

Back 13

Method to prevent mocrobial growh

Sorbic acid sodium benzoate , sodium nitrate

Front 14

Aldehydes:

Formaldehyde:

Back 14

Most effective antimicrobial agent ·

Formalin

Glutaraldehyde: Cidal-10mlns · Endosporocydal: In 3-10 hrs

Front 15

Gases

Back 15

Ethylene oxi,

Highly penetrating disinfects medical supplies

Carcinogenic to workers involed with the process

Pg8

Front 16

Oxiding agent

Back 16

Hydrogen peroxide: antiseptic and disinfectant

Ozone: disinfection of water

Benzoyl peroxide: acne medication

Front 17

Method of control

Microbe infection

Back 17

Pg8

Front 18

Chemotherapy

Back 18

1945 penecilin sulfur drugs before but little known

Minimal inhibitary concentration

MIC

Front 19

Combining antibiotics

Synergistic

Back 19

Effects of 2 drugs given together to is greater then when given alone

Endocarditis penicillin (destroys CW)

And streptomycin (enters more easily)

Front 20

Combining antibiotics

Antagonistic

Back 20

Drug interference

Dont give tetracycline (stops bacterial growth) and penicillin (requires bacterial growth) together

Front 21

Synthesis of antibiotics

Back 21

Derived from microbes (bacteria or molds) or chemically synthesized

Front 22

Metabolic inhibitors

Back 22

Pg 10

Front 23

Sulfonamides

Sulfa drugs

Back 23

Interferes with folic acid synthesis

Resembles PABA

PABA (Para-aminobenzoic acid) .

Uses: UTI, meningococcal meningitis

Limitations: allergic rxn to it, not effective for severe infections (pus)

Front 24

Isoniazid

INH

Back 24

Interferes with mycolic acid (CW)

Resembles vitamin B6

Uses: M. tuberculosis

Limitations: resistance and kidney damage

Front 25

Cell wall inhibitors

Back 25

Natural Penicillin: G or V

Prevent PG synthesis

Penicillin

Extracted from penicillium sp

Uses gram ( + )s and spirochetes

Narrow spectrum

Limitations: narrow spectrum and alergic rxn

Front 26

Synthetic penicilin

Back 26

Prevent synthesis of PG

Ampicillin

Amoxicillin

Methicillin (Oxacillin)

Uses gram (+)(-)'s broad

Overcomes the disadvantages of natural penocillin

Front 27

Cephalosporins or cephalothins

Back 27

Resistant to the enzyme the penecillinase

Effective against gram neg and pos

is Broad

Front 28

Bacitracin

Back 28

Uses: gram +'S and some gram -'s

Topical ointment/cream

Front 29

Vancomycin

Back 29

Very toxic; used for resistant Staphylococcus

Narrow spectrum

Limitations: toxicity, resistance

Cell wall inhibitor prevents PG synth

Front 30

Protein synthesis inhibitors

Chloramphenicol

Back 30

Uses: typhoid fever and meningitis

Broad spectrum; potentially toxic

Limitations: aplastic amenia

Targets 70s prokaryotes ribosomes

Front 31

Tetracycline

Back 31

Less toxic than chloramphenicol

Uses: Gram +/-'s ricketsia, Chlamydia (broad)

Synthetic ____: dexycycline

Tissue soluble: UTI's RT and GI tract infections

Limitations disrups normal flora

GI problems and birth defects

Front 32

Aminoglycosides

Back 32

treatment of aerobic gram-negative bacilli infections

All effective against Gram(-) 's (Broad)

•Streptomycln: M. tuberculosis ·

• Neomycln: topical

• Gentamlcln: Pseudomonas

•Limitations: resistance, auditory nerve damage

Front 33

Erythromycin

Macrolides

Back 33

Alternative: penicillin (allergic)

Uses: gram +'s, legionella, some Neisseria, and Mycoplasma pneumonia

Limited activity: won't effect most gram -'s

Given orally (orange flavor)

Front 34

Polymyxin

Back 34

Cell membrane permeator

Uses: gram (-)'s , Pseudomonas

Topical since toxic to kidneys and brain if injected

Front 35

Rifamycin or rifampin

Back 35

Inhibits mRNA

Uses: gram +'s and some gram -'s

Chlamydia, M. lepri, M. tuberculosis, N. meningitidis

Turns urine, sweat, feces and tear

Orange/red color

Front 36

Antifungal

Back 36

Nystatin or mycostatin(for yeast)

Amphotericin B:

Imidazoles or ketoconazole:

Griseofulvin: (ringworm tinea)

Pg 564

Fkdkdkd

Front 37

Antiviral drugs

Back 37

Amantadine:

Acyclovir: flu

AZT or zinovudine: AIDS HIV

Interferon:

Pg565-6

Front 38

Antiprotazoa

567

Back 38

Quinine and derivatives: malareia

Metronidiazole or flagyl: $&÷**×

P567

Front 39

Amtohelminthic drugs

Back 39

Niclosamide: tapeworm Mebendazole (round worm infection?) Pg567

Pg18

Front 40

Developement of drug resistance

Back 40

Enzyme alterations

Changes in CW and CM permiability

Genetic changes or mutations

Front 41

Antibiotic abuse

Back 41

World medicine uses and pharmacy with no prescriptions

Front 42

Dangers of Antibiotic Abuse

Back 42

* 80% of antibiotics sold In U.S. are given to animals raised for food. Promotes growth & prevents Infections since animals live In cramped areas. . * Antibiotlc-resistant bacteria found In our meats

Factory farming

Front 43

Tinctures

Back 43

alcohol added to increase the effectiveness of chemicals

Front 44

Protein synthesis inhibitors

Back 44

Targets 70s prokaryote

Ribosomes

Front 45

Cell membrane permeators

Back 45

Loss of cell metabolites