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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What type of eukaryote structure is always unicellular |
Protozoa |
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What type of eukaryotic organism may be unicellular or multicellular |
Fungi in algae |
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What type of eukaryotic organism is always multicellular |
Helminths. But ahve unicellular egg or larval forms |
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Why are eukaryotic flagella different than bacterial flagella |
They are thicker and covered by an extension of the cell membrane. And are long and cylinder containing regularly shaped microtubules |
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Eukaryotic cilia |
Are similar to flagella and structure but are smaller and more numerous. And are found only in a single group of protozoa in certain animal cell |
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The glycocalyx of a eukaryotic cell |
The outermost layer composed of polysaccharides. Can appear as a network of fibers, slime layer, or a capsule. It contributes to protection adherence in Signal reception |
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Which eukaryotes do not have a cell wall |
Protozoa and helminths |
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The cell wall of fungi |
Is rigid and provide structural support and shape. Is a thick layer of polysaccharide fibers composed of chitin or cellulose. And has a thin outer layer of mixed glycans |
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What is chromatin made of |
DNA and histone proteins |
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What does a cytoplasmic membrane serve as |
A selectively permeable barrier with a bilayer of phospholipids |
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The rough endoplasmic reticulum |
Has ribosomes that are attached to its membrane surface |
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
Has closed networks without ribosomes. Nutrient processing. In the synthesis and storage of non protein macromolecules such as lipids |
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Golgi apparatus |
The site of protein modification and shipping. Consists of several flattened disc shaped sacs called cisternae |
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Lysosomes vesicles |
Contain enzymes involved in digestion of food particles and protection against invading microorganisms. Participate in the removal of cell debris in damaged tissue |
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Vacuoles vesicles |
Are membrane-bound sacs containing fluids or solid particles to be digested, excreted or stored. Contents are digested through a merger between the vacuole and lysosome |
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Mitochondria |
Composed of smooth continuous out of membrane with an inner membrane that has tubular inner folds called cristae. It is the PowerHouse of the cell |
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Chloroplast |
Are found in algae and plant cells. They are capable of converting energy from sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis. Produce oxygen gas as a byproduct |
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Ribosomes |
Are distributed throughout the cell. Can be found in short chains a poly ribosomes. Or large and small subunits of ribonucleic protein |
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The cytoskeleton |
Functions are anchoring organelles. Permitting shape changes. And movement. The three types of elements are actin filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments |
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Fungi |
Mushrooms, puffballs, Gill fungi. Molds yeast. Dear unicellular, Colonial, complex and multicellular |
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Hyphae |
Long thread-like cells found in the bodies of filamentous fungi. |
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Pseudohypha |
Chain of yeast cells |
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Mucelium |
The Woodland intertwining mass of hyphae that makes up the body or colony of mold |
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SEPTA |
Segments are cross walls found in most fungi that allow the flow of organelles and nutrients between adjacent compartments |
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Vegetative hyphae |
Responsible for the visible mass of growth |
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What does the reproductive are fertile hyphae do |
Produce spores |
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The protozoa |
Has 65,000 species of single-celled organism. Most are harmless in Free Living inhabitants of water and soil. A few species of parasites are responsible for hundreds of millions of factions each year |
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What is the protozoan form and function |
There are single-celled containing all major eukaryotic organelles except chloroplast. |
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Ectoplasm |
The clear outer layer involved in Locomotion feeding and protection in cytoplasm in a protozoa |
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Endoplasm |
The granular inner region housing the nucleus, mitochondria, and food and vacuoles in the cytoplasm in a protozoa |
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Trophozoite in a protozoa |
The motile feeding stage with crying ample food and moisture to stay active |
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What is a cyst in a protozoa |
The dormant resting stage when conditions in the varmint become unfavorable. There was distant to heat and drying and chemicals. Important factor in the spread of disease |
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Some prednisone groups exist only in the |
Trophozoite face but many alternate between this stsge and the cyst stage |
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Trichomonas vaginalis |
A common STD that does not form sis and must be transmitted by intimate contact |
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Entamoeba histolytica and giardia lambilia |
Form cyst in are readily transmitted in contaminated water and food |
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Helminths |
Are flatworms |
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Trematodes |
Sexes can be seperate or hermaphrodites |
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Cestodes. Tapeworms |
Hermaphrodite |
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Nematodes |
Sexes are separate and different in appearance |
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Helminth life cycle |
Must transmit an effective form to the body of another host. In the host in which the larvae develops is known as an intermediate host. Adulthood in mating occur in the definitive host |
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Enterbius vermicularis |
Pinworm, common in large intestine |
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The helminth cycle |
Eggs are swallowed in are hatched in the intestine. Larvae matures into adults within one month, in male and female worms mate. Females migrate to the anus to deposit eggs. Intense itching occurs in scratching spreads the eggs |
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What is the smallest virus |
Parvovirus. 20 nanometers |
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What is the largest virus |
Pandoravirus |
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What are the viral components of a virus |
External coating, core containing one or more nucleic acid strains of DNA or RNA, and sometimes one or two enzymes. Repeating subunits give rise to their crystalline appearance |
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What is a capsid |
Protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid |
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What are the different types A viruses shapes |
Helical (cylinder), icosahedral (sphere shape), and complex |
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What is the envelope |
External covering of a nucleocapsid which is usually a modified piece of the host cell's membrane |
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DNA viruses can be |
Single or double stranded |
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RNA viruses are typically |
Single stranded |
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What is a retrovirus |
They carry their own enzymes to create DNA out of RNA |
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What is the difference between positive and negative sense RNA |
Negative sense RNA must be converted before translation |
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What are the general phases of the animal viral replication cycle |
Absorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, and release |
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What is absorption |
When a virus attacks a cell. It may have a Host range which limits what cells a virus can infect. Cells that lack compatible receptors are resistant to absorption |
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What cells does polio virus attack |
Intestinal and nerve cells |
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Penetration |
Can happen in two ways. Endocytosis or direct penetration which is a fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane |
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Uncoating |
Enzymes in the vacuole dissolve the envelope and capsid. Virus fuses with the wall of the vesicle. And viral nucleic acid is released into the cytoplasm |
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Synthesis in a DNA virus |
They enter the host cell nucleus and replicate or replicate in the cytoplasm |
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Synthesis in a RNA virus |
Replicates in the cytoplasm |
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How do retroviruses synthesize |
They turn their RNA genomes into DNA and then inserts into host cell genome |
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Assembly |
Virus is put together using Parts manufactured during synthesis process |
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Release |
The number of viruses released by infected cells |
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Cytopathic effects |
Virus induced damage to the cell that alters its microscopic appearance. |
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What are inclusion bodies |
Compacted masses of viruses are protein components |
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What is Syncytia |
Function of multiple host cells into single large cells containing multiple nuclei |
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Persistent affections |
When the cell Harbor's the virus and is not immediately lysed |
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A provirus |
Viruses that incorporate into the DNA of the host which can be then passed down to several rounds of cell division such as HIV |
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Chronic latent stage |
Periodically between activated under the influence of various stimuli, such as herpes simplex and herpes zoster virus |
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Viruses and cancer |
Experts estimate that 20% of cancers are caused by viruses. |
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What is transformation in a virus |
The effect of oncogenic are cancer-causing viruses. Some viruses carry genes that directly cause cancer. Other viruses produce proteins that induce a loss of growth regulation leading to cancer |
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How can transform cells cause cancer |
The increase rate of growth, alterations in chromosomes, changes in cell surface molecules, and the capacity to divide indefinitely |
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Oncoviruses |
Mammal and viruses that are capable of initiating tumors such as the papilloma virus, herpes, and hepatitis B |
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Bacteriophage |
Bacteria eating and are often make the bacteria that infect more pathogenic |
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T even bacteriophage |
Infect e-coli |
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Lysogeny |
A condition in which the host chromosome carries viral DNA. Viral DNA enters an inactive state are inserted into bacterial chromosome and copied during normal bacterial cell division. Induction is a virus and a lysogenic cell becomes activated and progresses in viral replication |
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What is the danger of lysogeny in human disease |
Can cause the production of toxins or enzymes that cause pathology and humans. Lysogenic conversion is when a bacterium acquires a new trait from its temperate phage. |
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Satellite viruses |
Are dependent on other viruses replication. Such as the adeno-associated virus and the Delta agent |
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Non cellular infectious agents |
Prions. Is an agent in Encephalitis. It isn't disposited as long protein fibers in the brain with no nucleic acid. Creutzfeldt jakob disease. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy |
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Treatment of animal virus infections |
Most antiviral drugs block viral replication by targeting the function of host cells. Draco causes of virus infected cells to destroy themselves. Vaccines |