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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Skin flora are ___________ pathogens.
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Opportunistic
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The three groups of skin flora are:
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1. Diptheroids
2. Staphylococci 3. Yeasts |
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Diptheroids are named for their resemblance of _____________ ____________.
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Corynebacterium diptheriae
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Diptheroids are Gram ________ bacteria with varied shape and ______ virulence.
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Positive
Low |
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Diptheroids are _____-_______ producers (like C. diphtheriae).
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Non-toxin
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Diptheroids are responsible for ________ _________. The smell is caused by the bacterial break-down of sweat.
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Body Odor
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A common diptheroid is _____________ _________, the cause of acne.
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Propionibacterium acnes
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Staphylococci is a Gram ________, salt-__________ organism.
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Positive
Tolerant |
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Staphylococci is relatively ____________, but can cause serious disease in the immunocompromised.
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Avirulent
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The principal species of Staphylococci is Staph ________.
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Epidermidis
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Staphylococci functions on the skin to prevent ____________ of __________ flora.
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Colonization
Pathogenic |
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Staphylococci maintains balance among microbial ________ __________.
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Skin flora
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Fungi (_________) are tiny __________ yeast universally found on normal skin, from late childhood thru-out life.
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Yeasts
Lipophilic |
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Fungi shapes vary amoung strains, usually ________ or _________; however, can be short rods.
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Round
Oval |
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Fungi found on skin are generally ___________, can cause skin conditions such as rash or _____________.
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Harmless
Dandruff |
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_____________ is infection of the hair follicle.
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Folliculitis
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The infection of the hair follicle causes a ______ ________ or pimple, this can spread from follicle to adjacent ___________.
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Tissue
Red bump |
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A lesion produced by an infected follicle is called a ___________.
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Furuncle
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Most infected hair follicles are caused by __________ __________.
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Staph aureus
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SSSS is a ________-__________ disease that occurs primarily in infants. SSSS stands for...
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Toxin-mediated
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome |
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Symptoms of SSSS are:
-Apparent ________ of skin -Begins as a generalized _________. -Other symptoms include malaise, _________, fever. -Nose, mouth and _________ may be painful before other indicators. |
Burning
Redness Irritability Genitalia |
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Within ___ hours of SSSS, skin becomes red and wrinkled and large _______-_________ blisters appear. Skin feels like ____________.
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48
Fluid-filled Sandpaper |
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The causative agent is the bacteria _______ __________, the disease is caused by _________ produced by the bacteria. These toxins are called ___________.
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Staph aureus
Toxins Exfoliatins |
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Exfoliatins destroy integral layers of the outer _________. They are coded by _________ or on the bacterial _____________.
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Epidermis
Plasmid Chromosome |
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SSSS toxin is released at the _______ of __________ and is absorbed and carried by the bloodstream to larger areas of the skin.
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Site of infection
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SSSS toxin causes splits in the epidermis just below the dead ____________ outer layer of epidermis.
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Keratinized
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Outer layer of skin is lost, causing body fluid loss and increased ____________ to secondary infections.
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Susceptibility
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Mortality rates of SSSS can reach _____%. Usually die from water loss.
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40
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____% of Staph aureus strains produce ___________, meaning only that many have the toxin genes.
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5
Exfoliatins |
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Disease can appear in any age group, but mostly in:
Transmission is usually _____-___-_______. Disease is usually ___________, however small epidemics can occur in nuseries. |
Infants, the elderly and immunocompromised.
Person-to-person Isolated |
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Only preventative measure of SSSS is ________ __________. Treatment includes bactericidal ____________ as well as removal of _______ ________.
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Patient isolation
Antibiotics Dead skin |
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The antibiotics used to treat SSSS are _____________ such as penicillinase-___________ penicillin.
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Antistaphylococcals
Penicillinase-resistant penicillin |
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Streptococcal impetigo is a ____________ infection characterized by _______ production.
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Pyoderma
Pus |
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Pyodermas can result from insect bites, _______ and scrapes. Such injuries can be so slight that they miss detection.
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Burns
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___________ is most common type of pyoderma.
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Impetigo
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The causative agent of Strep Impetigo is _____________ __________, although S. aureus is also a causative agent.
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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S. ___________ is a Gram positive, beta __________ cocci. These are often referred to as Group ____ due to presence of group A cell wall _____________.
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Pyogenes
Gram positive Beta-hemolytic cocci Group A Polysaccharides |
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Infection of Strep Impetigo is established through scratches and minor injuries which allows bacteria into _________ ___________ of skin.
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Deeper layers
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The two destructive enzymes that are produced by Strep Impetigo are ___________ and ____________. The bacteria surface components interfere with ______________.
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Proteases=degrade skin proteins
Nucleases=degrade nucleic acids Phagocytosis |
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Strep Impetigo is contagious through ___________.
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Contact
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever is a representative of a group of _____________ diseases.
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Rickettsial
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The zoonotic agent of RMSF is _________.
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Ticks
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___________ were considered viruses but ended up being a ____________.
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Ricketts
Bacteria |
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Symptoms of RMSF include:
-Start with initial rash of ______ ________ _______. -Appears 1st on ________, writsts, ankles and soles. -Spots become raised bumps and are ____________. -Shock or death can occur when certain body systems are involved (like the ________ or ____________) |
Faint pink spots
Palms Hemorrhagic Heart and kidney |
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The causative agent of RMSF is _____________ ___________. It is an obligate, ____________ bacterium. They are non-mobile _________ a cell, and mobile _________ a cell.
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Rickettsia rickettsii
Intracellular Non-mobile outside Mobile inside |
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The causative agent of RMSF is an obligate intracellular bacterium meaning:
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It requires a host organism to live
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Rickettsia rickettsii is a Gram __________, non-motile, cocco__________. They are very small and often hard to see in Gram stains.
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Negative
Coccobacillus |
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RMSf is aquired when a tick infected with R. ricketsii. Bacteria are released into the blood, they enter cells through _____________.
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Endocytosis
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After endocytosis, cell escapes ___________ ___________. Bacterial endotoxin released in bloodstream can cause _________ ______________ ___________.
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Protective phagosome
Disseminated intravascular coagulation |
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RMSF is a ___________ disease occuring in the US, Canada and __________. Highest incidence in US is in south ___________ and south-central US.
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Zoonotic
Mexico Atlantic |
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The main vectors include wood tick (__________ __________) and the dog tick (____________ ____________). These tick vectors remain infected for life.
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Wood tick = Dermacentor andersoni
Dog tick = Dermacentor variabilis |
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There is no vaccine for RMSF. Prevention should be directed towards:
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Avoiding tick-infested areas, using tick repellants containing DEET and carefully inspecting body.
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Antibiotics are highly effective in treatment if...
The antibiotics most commonly used are... Without treatment, overall mortality reaches ~____% (with early treatment, ____%) |
Given early
Doxycycline and chloramphenicol 20%, 5% |
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Chickenpox is the popular name for __________. Incidence has declined due to vaccine. Produces a __________ infection that becomes reactive after recovery of initial illness (___________)
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Varicella
Latent Shingles |
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Symptoms:
Most cases are mild and recovery is ____________. Symptoms are more severe in older children and adults, _____% of adults develope pneumonia. |
Uneventful
20% |
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Rash is the ____________ of chickenpox.
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Diagnostic
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Rash steps are:
1. Red spots called _________ 2. Small bumps called _________ 3. Small blisters called ___________ 4. pus-filled blisters called __________. |
1. Macules
2. Papuales 3. Vesicles 4. Pustules |
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Varicella is a major threat to newborns, may lead to __________ ___________ syndrome.
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Congenital varicella
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The word sequella means:
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The manifestations of the disease.
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Sequella of chickenpox infection include shingles or ________ _________ caused by reactivation of dormant virus and characterized by rash around waist.
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Herpes zoster
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Sequella of a chickenpox infection also include _______ Syndrome.
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Reye's
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Reye's is evident by ___________ and coma. Mostly seen in children ____-____. Characterized by __________ and _________ damage. The mortality rate is ~____%.
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Vomiting
5-15 liver and brain 30% |
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Evidence suggests that _________ therapy increases risk of Reye's.
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Aspirin
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All herpes viruses are more serious in adults than children, indicating more _____________.
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Immunopathology
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The casative agent of chickenpox is the ___________-_________ virus which is a member of the _________ family. It is a medium sized ___________ virus with a very large, double stranded _____ genome.
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Varicella-zoster
Herpes Enveloped DNA |
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Chickenpox virus enters through __________ route, meaning it's very good at getting to new hosts.
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Respiratory
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Chickenpox infects living layers of skin and moves to adjacent cells and skin _________ appear.
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Lesions
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Infected cells swell and ________ releasing virus to enter _________ nerves.
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Lyse
Sensory |
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Occurance of shingles correlates with decline in _____ ____________ (Type I) ___________. Latent virus within nerve cell replicates and is carried to the skin (_____________)
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Cell mediated (Type I) immunity
Recrudescence |
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Chickenpox is transmitted by ____________ secretions and skin lesions. Incidences increase in winter and ________.
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Repiratory
Spring |
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Chickenpox incubation period is ~2 _______. Infective from 1-2 days before rash until blister crusts over.
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Weeks
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Prevention of chickenpox is geared at _____________. The _____________ vaccine was licensed in ________.
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Vaccination
Attenuated 1995 |
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_____________ patients should avoid the vaccine, but can be partially protected by passive immunity via injection of _________ _________ _________ (ZIG).
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Immunocompromised
Zoster immune globulin |
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Measles, hard measles and red measles are all common names for __________.
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Rubeola
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There has been a dramatic reduciton in measles cases within the ______ century due to vaccination.
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20th
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Worldwide there are _____-____,000 cases of measles per year.
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350-400
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Symptoms:
1. fever, runny nose, cough and _____ ________ eyes. 2. Fine rash appears first on __________, then spreads. 3. Symptoms dissapear within 1 _______. |
Red, weepy eyes
Forehead Week |
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Many cases are complicated with __________ infections. The most common of these are __________ and ear infections. The least common of these are ____________ and SSPE (_________ ___________ _______________)which is a brain disorder.
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-Secondary Infections
-Pneumonia -Encephalitis -Subacute sclerosing panencehalitis (SSPE) |
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The causative agent of measles is the _________ virus. This virus is ___________, medium sized and ___________.
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Rubeola
Pleomorphic Enveloped |
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The envelope of the Rubeola virus contains _______ proteins. One for ________ attachement to host, one for __________ with host membrane.
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Spike
Viral Fusion |
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The Rubeola virus has a _________-__________ RNA genome and belongs to the __________ family.
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Single-stranded
Paramyxovirus (which is close to the flu virus) |
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Infection of measles is via ___________ route. It replicates in the ___________ of the URT. Then spreads to the ________ _________ where it gets to all parts of the body.
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Repiratory
Epithelium Lymph nodes |
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An important diagnostic for the disease is the infected __________ ___________. They are covered with __________ spots.
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Mucous membranes
Koplik |
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Humans are the only natural host, so this disease could be ___________.
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Eradicated
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Before routine immunization, over ____% of the population infected so rare events (like death) were happening a lot.
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99%
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Vaccine resulted in the decline of _________ cases and measles are no longer _________ in the US.
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Annual
Endemic |
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Prevention of measles is directed towards ____________. The vaccine is usually given with mumps, rubella and varicella vaccine (MMRV).
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Vaccination
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The MMRV contains all live, ___________ viruses acting as vaccines.
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Attenuated
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True or False:
There is an antiviral treatment for measles. |
False
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Since adults can recover easily, the vaccination program is mostly to protect ___________.
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Infants
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German measles and three-day measles are common names for ___________.
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Rubella
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Rubella is typically mild, often un___________ and difficult to diagnose. However, there is a significant infection in __________ women.
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Unrecognized
Pregnant |
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Rubella in a pregnant woman can cause ____________ ___________ ___________ in the fetus which leads to deafness, ___________ and heart defects.
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Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Heart defects |
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Rubella enters the body through __________ route. The virus multiplies in the ___________, then enters bloodstream where it causes sustained viremia.
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Respiratory
Nasopharynx |
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Immunity develops against viral antigens of rubella resulting in an _________-_________ complex most likely responsible for rash and joint pain. (because the complex _____________ out)
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Antigen-antibody complex
Precipitates |
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Humans are the only natural host, the disease is _________ contagious (less so than measles).
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Highly
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_____% of people infected with Rubella fail to develope symptoms. Infectious ____ days before appearance of rash to ____ days after.
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40%
7 7 |
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True or False:
If a person fails to develope symptoms of Rubella, then they are never contagious. |
False, the virus is still replicating and being shed.
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Warts are caused by the __________ virus.
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Papillomavirus
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Papillomavirus can infect skin through minor ________. This forms small tumors called ___________.
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Abrasions
Papillomas (warts) |
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True or False:
Most warts are cancerous. |
False, out of the 50 known species, only 4 are cancerous.
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Some sexually transmitted warts are associated with ________ cancer (pap smear is diagnosis).
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Cervical
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Nearly ____% of warts on the skin dissapear by themselves within ____ years.
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50%
2 years |
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The papillomaviruses belong to the _________ family. They are small and non___________ with a double stranded ______ genome.
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Papovirus
Enveloped DNA |
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Three common objects that warts can live on are:
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1. Towels
2. Shower floors 3. Wrestling mat |
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The warts virus infects the deeper layers of __________. It reproduces in the nucleus of these cells. These infected cells grow ___________, producing the wart. The incubation period ranges ____-____ months.
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Epidermis
Abnormally 2-18 |
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Treatment is acheived by killing all _________ cells by freezing (liquid _________), cauterization or ____________ removal.
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Abnormal
Nitrogen Surgical |
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Skin diseases caused by fungi are called __________ ____________ __________. These are a group of diseases caused by species of ________.
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Superficial Cutaneous Mycoses
Molds |
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These mycoses invade nails, hair and __________ layers of the skin.
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Keratinized
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Examples of mycoses:
1. Tinea __________ = mycosis of the scalp 2. Tinea __________ = mycosis of the underarm 3. Tinea __________ = mycosis of the groin (Jock itch) 4. Tinea __________ = mycosis of the foot (Athlete's Foot) |
Capitis (scalp)
Axillaris (underarm) Cruris (groin) Pedis (foot) |
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Three genera are responsible for most of these mycosal infections:
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1. Epidermophyton
2. Microsporum 3. Trichophyton |
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Collectively, the three causative agents of the mycosal infections are termed _____________.
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Dermatophytes
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Normal skin generally resistant to dermatophytes, excessive __________ allows invasion of keratinized layers of tissue.
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Moisture
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Dermatophytes produce ____________, which allow destruction of __________. They use the _______ _______ from the breakdown keratin for nutrients.
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Keratinase
Keratin Amino acids |
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Scalp is invaded by through ______ ___________ due to high moisture content. The fungal products defuse to __________ layer and evoke an immune response.
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Hair follicle
Dermal |
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Prevention and treatment includes attention to cleanliness and maintenance of _________ dryness.
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Normal
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Numerous prescription and ______ medications are available for treatment.
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OTC
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