Micro 22 Unit 2 Chapter 5

Front 1

Organic Compounds

Back 1

- compounds containing Carbon and Hydrogen

Front 2

Protein

Back 2

- consists of long, complex chains of amino acids (20kinds)

- the most abundant organic components of microbes

- function as structural materials as well as enzymes

- destruction of proteins in an organism --> death

- Proteins are built by linking amino acids end to end. Each link is a peptide bond.

Front 3

Protein Structures

Back 3

1. Primary (amino acid sequence)

2. Secondary (helix and pleated sheet)

3. Three Dimensional (3D)

- The 3 dimensional shape of a protein dictates its function. If the 3 dimensional shape is altered, the protein is destroyed.

Front 4

Protein denaturation

Back 4

The alteration of a protein's 3 dimensional shape which destroys its function. Proteins can be denatured in a number of ways which include pH and temperature change.

Front 5

Nucleic Acids

Back 5

- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) acts as the genetic material of the chromosome

- RNA (ribonucleic acid) functions in the construction of proteins

- as with proteins, the nucleic acids cannot be altered without disrupting the organism or killing it.

Front 6

Nucleotides

Back 6

- repeating units that make up DNA and RNA

- made up of phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Front 7

Carbohydrates

Back 7

General Formula (CH2O)n

- sugars, starches, cellulose

- source of energy for cells

- found in cell walls and bacterial capsules

Front 8

Carbohydrate Organization

Back 8

1. monosaccharides (glucose/fructose)

2. disaccharides (sucrose, 2 monosac together)

3. compex sugars are called polysaccharides or complex carbohydrates (starch, cellulose)

- long chains of sugars

Front 9

Lipids

Back 9

- broad group of organic compounds that dissolve in oily solvents (acetone/benzene) and alcohol but generally do not dissolve in water

1. Best known lipids are fats

- serve living organisms as important energy sources

- consists of Glycerol + up to three fatty acids

2. Modified fats = Phospholipids, major component of membranes

3. Other types of lipids include waxes and steroids

Front 10

Metabolism

Back 10

- the sum of all biochemical processes taking place in a living cell. Consists of two phases:

1. Anabolism

2. Catabolism.

- relationship between anabolism, catabolism and energy

Front 11

Anabolism

(Anna loves using all my energy)

Back 11

- constructive metabolism; the synthesis reactions

smaller molecules bonded into larger molecules (uses energy)

Front 12

Catabolism

Back 12

- destructive metabolism; decomposition reactions

larger molecules split into smaller molecules (energy is released )

Front 13

Enzymes

Back 13

- biological catalysts (agents that speed up chemical reactions)

-"a reusable protein molecule that brings about a chemical change while remaining unchanged itself"

- the enzymes present in an organism determine the nature of its physiology

Front 14

Enyzyme Properties

Back 14

1. highly specific for one specific reaction

2. not used up: not incorporated into the products of the reaction

3. hold substrates in position so reactions can occur

Front 15

Substrate

Back 15

- the substance upon which an enzyme acts on

Front 16

Enzyme and Substrate

Back 16

Lock and Key Model

Front 17

Catalyst

Back 17

Agents that speed up chemical reactions

Front 18

Factors influencing enzyme action:

Back 18

Optimum: environmental state where teh enzyme works the fastest

Maximum: the maximum environmental limit where the enzyme works at all

Minimum: the minimum environmental limit where the enzyme works at all

ex. temp: every enzyme has its optimum temp. Curve is unusual

Front 19

pH

Back 19

0-6.9 ACID

7 = NEUTRAL

7.1-14 BASIC BITCHES (alkaline)

Front 20

Enzyme activty vs. pH

Back 20

- every enzyme has its optimum pH

BELL CURVE

Front 21

Naming of Enzyme

Back 21

- ase

- name of substrate + ase

ex. sucrose digested by sucrase

- kind of reaction + ase

ex. an enzyme that causes oxidation is called oxidase

Front 22

Endoenzymes

Back 22

- remain inside of cell (work internally)

1. enzymes of cellular metabolism

2. vulnerable enzymes

Front 23

Exoenzymes

Back 23

- released to the exterior of the cell (work externally)

1. digestive enzymes

2. enzymes of virulence

Front 24

Constitutive enzymes

Back 24

- always present and necessary for life of cell

- ex. enzymes in glycolysis

Front 25

Induced enzymes

Back 25

- produced only when substrates are present

- ex. digestive enzymes

- provide efficiency and adaptibility

Front 26

Hydrolysis

Back 26

- to split apart by using water

- digestion is always hydrolysis (in any organism)

Front 27

Hydrolysis General Formula

Back 27

A-B-C-D + 2H-OH ----> A-OH + H-B + C-OH +H-D

Front 28

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Back 28

- Energy released from catabolism of foods is stored in a compound called ATP

- portable battery --> its instant energy for the cell to use

- ATP molecules are used everywhere in a cell to meet energy needs (when the supply is exhausted = cell death)

Front 29

ATP

Back 29

- is an Energy Carrier

ADP + Phosphate + Energy = ATP

Front 30

Glucose

Back 30

principle source of energy for ATP production

Front 31

ATP Additional Fun Fuckery Facts

Back 31

- not suitable for storing energy. Molecules are large and bulky and takes up too much space in the cell.

- Cells use small molecules such as glucose or lipids for energy storage. When needed, these energy storage molecules can be converted to ATP.

Front 32

Microbes use these 2 processes to produce ATP

Back 32

1. Respiration

2. Fermentation

- both start with the same first step (glycolysis), but follow different subsequent pathways

Front 33

Respiration

Back 33

- glucose is completely broken down

- 38 ATP BRUH

- ADD MORE TO THIS

Front 34

Fermentation

Back 34

- glucose is partially broken down (end up with organic end products)

- 2 ATP brah

- ADD MORE TO THIS

Front 35

Review organic chemistry of proteins, nucleic acids, carbs, and lipids as presented in lecture (pp35-46)

Back 35

sure.

Front 36

Metabolism, Anabolism, Catabolism

Back 36

Metabolism: the sum of all biochemical processes taking place in a living cell which consists of two phases: anabolism and catabolism.

Anabolism: constructive/synthesis of small molecules into larger molecules (uses energy)

Catabolism: destructive/decomposition of large molecules into smaller molecules (releases energy)

Front 37

Identify the role of ATP as an intermediate between catabolism and anabolism

Back 37

Anabolism: ATP is required in order to create larger moleculer from small molecules

Catabolism: ATP is released when large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules

ADP + Phosphate + Energy = ATP

Front 38

What is ATP, and why is it so important to all cells?

Back 38

ATP is recharcheable battery that stores energy. It supplies all cells with energy in order to run cellular work.

Front 39

Describe the mechanism of enzymatic action

Back 39

Apoenzyme + Cofactor = Holoenzyme

Holoenzyme + Substrate = Holoenzyme-Substrate Complex

Front 40

Factors that influence enzymatic activity

Back 40

1. Temperature

2. pH

3. Substrate concentration

4. Inhibitors

TPSI

Front 41

Distinguish the competitive and noncompetitive activity.

Back 41

Competitive inhibitors: fill the active site of an enzyme and compete with the normal substrate for the active site. It does this because it has a similar shape.chemical structure to the normal substrate.

Noncompetetive inhibitor: do not compete with substrate for the active site but bind at a location away from the active site (allosteric site). This allosteric inhibition changes the active site to change shape, making it non functional.

- can be reversible or nonreversible, does not produce effect for both

Front 42

Remember: Most of a cell's energy is produced from the catabolism of carbohydrates, and glucose is the most commonly used carbohydrate.

Back 42

OKAY THANKS

Front 43

How does respiration differ from fermentation when comparing these two major types of glucose catabolism? (figure 5.11)

Back 43

Draw this out bruhh

Front 44

Write a sentence to summarize energy production in prokaryotic cells. (see pg. 126)

Back 44

What do you want from me sonn.

Front 45

Amino Acids

Back 45

- building blocks of proteins

- Amino acids contain at least one carboxyl (¬COOH) group and one amino (¬NH2) group attached to the same carbon atom.

Front 46

Dehydration synthesis

Back 46

- these reactions combine molecues together and release water

ex. glucose + fructose = glucose + H2O

Front 47

Fatty Acids

Back 47

Fatty acids consist of long hydrocarbon chains

- carbons/hydrogens with a carboxyl group at the end

- combine with glycerol to form a fat