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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The Enterics (Family Enterobacteriaceae) are:
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-Escherichia & other coliforms:
--Klebsiella pneumoniae --Enterobacter & Citrobacter --Serratia marcescens -Salmonella -Shigella |
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Describe the Enterobacteriaceae family..
Shape: Oxygen needs: |
Shape: Small Gram Neg. Rods
Oxygen needs: Facultative anaerobes |
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What is the habitat for the Enterobacteriaceae family:
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Many inhabit soil and water & some are common occupants of the large intestine
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What are the symptoms of Enterobacteriaceae family infection?
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They cause diarrhea through enterotoxins
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Enterobacteriaceae family is divided into:
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coliforms (lactose fermenters) &
non-coliforms (non-lactose fermenters) |
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50% of nosocomial infections are caused by:
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The Enterobacteriaceae family
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Describe the pathogenicity of the coliforms & non-coliforms of the Enterobacteriaceae family:
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the coliforms: generally normal flora that can be opportunistic pathogens
non-coliforms: some are opportunistic pathogens & some are true pathogens |
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The Enterics are in the family:
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the Enterobacteriaceae family
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The Enterics are classified according to:
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Flagella, Capsule or fimbrae, and LPS
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What are the Enteric Family virulence factors?
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-Endotoxin (LPS)
-Exotoxins (mostly enterotoxins) |
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In the classification of the Enterics, what symbolizes the following:
-Flagella -Capsule or fimbrae -LPS |
-Flagella = H type
-Capsule or fimbrae = K type -LPS = O type |
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So H7O32 would describe:
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a type of Enteric organism
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The most common aerobic commensal bacterium in the gut is:
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Escherichia coli
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E. coli can cause opportunistic infections and is the most common cause of this type of infection:
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Urinary Tract Infection
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Name the true pathogenic strains of E. coli:
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-Enterotoxigenic E. coli
-Enteroinvasive E. coli -Enterohemorrhagic E. coli |
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What is different about the pathogenic strains of E. coli that makes them so?
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they have slightly different flagella, fimbrae, or LPS
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Which of the true pathogenic strains of E. coli are called "traveler's diarrhea?"
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Enterotoxigenic E. coli & Enteroinvasive E. coli
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Enterohemorrhagic E. coli is aka:
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O157:H7
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So, decipher Enterohemorrhagic E. coli's other name: O157:H7
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LPS type 157 & Flagella type 7
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Describe Enterotoxigenic E. coli:
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He's non-invasive but forms enterotoxins that cause severe diarrhea.
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Describe Enteroinvasive E. coli:
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He burrows into the intestinal wall causing inflammatory disease of the large intestine & bloody diarrhea
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Describe Enterohemorrhagic E. coli:
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His fimbrae adhere to the intestinal wall and release toxins which cause severe diarrhea, hemorrhagic syndrome, & kidney damage.
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Is E. coli a coliform or non-coliform?
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a coliform
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Is Klebsiella pneumoniae a coliform or non-coliform?
Where is he found? |
a coliform;
He is normally a part of the flora of the Upper Respiratory tract |
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Describe Klebsiella pneumoniae infections:
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he can cause opportunistic pneumonia, meningitis, bacteremia, wound infections, & UTIs
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Enterobacter & Citrobacter are both part of the flora of:
Are they coliform or non-coliform? |
the GI tract in low numbers.
They are both coliform. |
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What kind of infections do Enterobacter & Citrobacter cause?
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UTIs
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Serratia marcescens causes:
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pneumonia, meningitis, burn & wound infections, and septicemia
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Serratia marcescens causes pneumonia particularly in:
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alcoholics
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Describe the pathogenicity of Salmonella typhi:
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He's a True pathogen
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Salmonella typhi causes:
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Typhoid fever
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Describe the reservoir for Salmonella typhi:
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Humans are the only host & reservoir. Chronic carriers serve as reservoir (Typhoid Mary)
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Describe the infection process for Typhoid fever:
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A subject ingests feces-contaminated food or water and bacilli attaches to intestinal cells. Can cause perforations in the colon which can be deadly.
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How many sub-strains or serotypes of Salmonella enteritidis are there?
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about 1,700 (including the serotype typhimurium)
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Describe the pathogenicity of Salmonella enteritidis:
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He is a zoonotic pathogen that causes gastroenteritis.
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Salmonella enteritidis is part of the intestinal flora of:
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cattle, poultry, rodents, & reptiles.
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Describe the Salmonella enteritidis infection process:
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Salmonella enteritidis is ingested. They invade the small intestine and can disseminate into the blood or lymph.
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Describe Salmonella enteritidis symptoms and recovery:
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Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, & cramps that usually last 2-5 days. Patients usually recover on their own.
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one-third of all chickens, eggs, and chicken meat contains:
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Salmonella enteritidis
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Describe the pathogenicity of Shigella:
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Shigella is a True Pathogen
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What are the diseases caused by Shigella?
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Shigellosis- which is incapacitating dysentery.
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Dysentery describes:
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severe diarrhea with tissue loss (blood and mucosa layer)
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What are the 4 species of Shigella that can cause Shigellosis?
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Shigella dysenteriae
Shigella sonnei Shigella flexneri Shigella boydii |
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What is the reservoir for Shigella?
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Shigella is only found in the human and great ape GI tract.
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Describe the Shigella infection process:
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Subject ingests feces-contaminated food or water. Shigella invades the large intestine.
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Describe Shigella's virulence factors:
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Shigella stimulates a large immune response and releases endotoxin and an exotoxin, the Shiga toxin.
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Is Shigella known for entering the blood stream?
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NO, he rarely enters the blood stream
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What are the effects of Shigella's Shiga toxin?
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the Shiga toxin causes massive inflammation & bleeding. The avg. patient has 20 bloody bowel movements per day.
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The Zoonotic, Pathogenic, Gram Neg. Rods are:
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-Yersinia
-Francisella -Brucella -Pasteurella |
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Describe Yersinia pestis:
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Yersinia pestis is a Nonenteric, zoonotic pathogen that causes the plague.
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The last pandemic of the Plague was:
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in the late 1800s.
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Describe the reservoir for Yersinia pestis:
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Small rodents serve as the reservoir & fleas act as biological vectors.
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Yersinia pestis virulence factors are:
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-Its Capsule
-coagulase -toxins |
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When did Yersinia enter the U.S.?
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1906, through the Port of San Francisco.
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What are the forms of plague?
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-Bubonic Plague
-Septicemic Plague -Pneumonic Plague |
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What is the most common form of Plague?
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Bubonic Plague
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Describe Bubonic Plague:
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Y. pestis multiplies at flea bite site and enters the lymph. He eventually reaches a lymph node and forms a bubo.
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Define a bubo:
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A swollen, necrotic lymph node.
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Describe Septicemic Plague:
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Progression to massive bacterial growth; coagulation and tissue destruction causes necrosis - Black Plague or Black Death.
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Describe Pneumonic Plague:
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The infection is localized to the lungs and is HIGHLY contagious and very deadly. (lungs can't take much tissue necrosis)
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The most contagious form of Plague is:
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Pneumonic Plague
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Describe Brucella..
-shape: |
Shape: coccobacillus.
Brucella is a zoonosis that can be transferred from infected animals to humans. |
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What are the 2 Brucella species that can be transferred to humans:
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Brucella abortus (found in cattle)
Brucella suis (found in pigs) |
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How does a Brucella infection affect animals?
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It causes still births in animals but it isn't shown to do this in humans.
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In the human, Brucella causes:
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Brucellosis aka (undulant fever)
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Describe Brucellosis aka (undulant fever) symptoms:
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Chills, Sweating, Headache, & Fever. Brucellosis causes a fluctuating pattern of fever lasting weeks to a year.
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Is there a Brucellosis vaccine?
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No, the infection is not very common.
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Francisella tularensis causes:
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Tularemia aka Jack Rabbit Fever
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Describe Tularemia:
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Tularemia is a zoonotic disease of mammals endemic to the Northern Hemisphere
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How is Tularemia transmitted?
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It is transmitted through contact with the infected animals or vectors. (usually contact with animal's blood entering cuts in the skin or mucous membrane)
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What are the symptoms of Francisella tularensis?
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Headache, backache, fever, chills, malaise, weakness, & sometimes skin lesions.
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Since the symptoms of Francisella tularensis are not very unique, what is needed to diagnose this infection?
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A knowledge of the patient's background (they had blood-contact with a mammal in the N. Hemisphere)
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Who is at the highest risk for Francisella tularensis?
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hunters & wildlife workers.
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In the U.S., Tularemia aka Jack Rabbit Fever is most commonly found in what animals?
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Rabbits, rodents, & skunks.
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Is there a vaccine for Tularemia aka Jack Rabbit Fever?
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Yes
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Describe Pasteurella multocida reservoir:
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Pasteurella multocida is a normal part of the flora of the oral cavity of wild & domesticated cats and dogs, as well as coyotes & wolves.
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Describe Pasteurella multocida pathogenicity:
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a zoonotic, opportunistic human pathogen
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Describe the infection process of Pasteurella multocida:
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Animal bites or scratches cause a local abscess that can spread to lymph nodes, joints, & bones.
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Describe Pseudomonas morphology:
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Small Gram Neg. rods
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The main pathogen in the Pseudomonas genus is:
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa
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Describe Pseudomonas aeruginosa habitat:
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common inhabitant of soil & water
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Pseudomonas is known for his ability to:
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grow everywhere
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Describe Pseudomonas resistance:
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he is resistant to:
-soaps -dyes -quaternary ammonium disinfectants -drugs -dessication |
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Describe Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenicity:
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He's an Opportunistic pathogen that doesn't usually infect healthy individuals.
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common cause of:
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nosocomial infections
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In healthy people, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is linked with these infections:
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hot tub & pool infections
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Pseudomonas is described as having an odor that smells like:
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Grapes
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Pseudomonas creates pigments that have a _______________ color.
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Pseudomonas creates pigments that have a greenish-blue color.
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What type of testing is essential with Pseudomonas?
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drug sensitivity tests like the Kirby Bauer or MIC since Pseudomonas is often multi-drug resistant.
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Bordetella pertussis causes:
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Whooping cough or pertussis, a communicable childhood disease.
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Describe whooping cough symptoms:
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acute respiratory syndrome: severe upper respiratory infection. Patients produce so much mucous that they have difficulty clearing it effectively.
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Describe the reservoir for Bordetella pertussis:
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asymptomatic carriers
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Describe transmission for Bordetella pertussis:
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Bordetella pertussis is transmitted by direct contact or inhaled airborne droplets.
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Is there a vaccine for Bordetella pertussis?
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Yes, it is part of the TDaP.
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Decipher TDaP:
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TDaP:
T=Tetanus D=diphtheria aP=acellular Pertussis |
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What are the random pathogenic Gram Neg. rods lectured?
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-Pseudomonas
-Bordetella -Legionella -Haemophilus |
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What is Legionella pneumophilia's habitat?
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Legionella pneumophilia is widely distributed in water & lives in close associated with amoebas.
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What disease does Legionella pneumophilia cause?
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Legionaire's disease.
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How is Legionaire's disease contracted?
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by inhaling water droplets that contain the bacteria.
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Describe Legionaire's disease symptoms:
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a form of pneumonia:
Symptoms include: Fever, cough, diarrhea, abdominal pain, pneumonia. |
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Legionella pneumophilia is commonly isolated in:
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water supplies, air conditioning, pools, etc.
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How does pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophilia differ from other pneumonias?
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pneumonia is usually transmitted from human to human; pneumonia from Legionella pneumophilia is obtained from inhaling droplets of contaminated water.
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Describe Hemophilus influenzae morphology:
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tiny, Gram Neg. rods
-Fastidious |
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What is the reservoir of Hemophilus influenzae?
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He is a commensal in the nasopharynx of some healthy individuals.
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Does Hemophilus influenzae cause influenza?
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No, influenza is caused by a virus.
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What disease does Hemophilus influenzae cause then?
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bacterial meningitis.
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How is Hemophilus influenzae transmitted?
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through airborne droplets (direct transmission)
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The form of meningitis caused by Hemophilus influenzae is found almost exclusively in:
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young children; <5yrs.
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Outbreaks of Hemophilus influenzae are common in:
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daycare centers
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is there a vaccine for Hemophilus influenzae?
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Yes, the HIB vaccine.
HIB = Hemophilus influenzae type B vaccine |
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Describe Hemophilus aegyptius reservoir:
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He is a commensal for some individuals
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What disease does Hemophilus aegyptius cause?
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bacterial conjunctivitis (pink eye)
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How is Hemophilus aegyptius transmitted?
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Through fomites and contaminated fingers
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What are the pathogenic causes of conjunctivitis?
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bacteria & viruses
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bacterial conjunctivitis is most commonly caused by:
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Hemophilus aegyptius
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Looking at the picture of pink eye, how can you tell that it is bacterial conjunctivitis and not viral conjunctivitis?
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because there was puss present. Viral infections do not produce puss.
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Is Hemophilus aegyptius contagious?
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Yes, he is highly contagious.
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