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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Suggests that diseases are caused by “invisible” organisms
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Fracastoro
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_____Uses simple microscopes to see “animalcules” (little animals)in a variety of natural environments
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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First direct observation of microbes
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek
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_____Observes that maggots arise “spontaneously” on uncovered meat, but do not arise if meat covered with cloth (stops contact by flies)
And Concludes_______ |
Redi
Concludes that spont. gen. is not true for higher life forms |
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__boils corn extract “broth” → pours into flask → covers flask ⇒ animalcules appear in broth after a few days
And Concludes _____ |
Needham
concludes that animalcules arise spontaneously from broth |
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____boils corn extract inside a sealed flask ⇒ no animalcules
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Spallanzani
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____ does the “swan-neck” flask experiment
And disproves ____ |
Pasteur
spont. generation |
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In __ Microbiology changes from an observational science to an experimental science (the “___ Age” of Microbiology)
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1800’s
Golden Age |
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___ observed that previous infection by cowpox prevents later infection by smallpox
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Jenner
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___ observed some diseases (eg. Cholera) are transmitted by polluted water
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Snow
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Pasteur observed:
- - - |
- yeast converts sugar to alcohol
- mild heating of foods (pasteurization) delays spoilage - microbes cause disease vs. being a result of disease (“Germ Theory”) |
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___observes keeping microbes out of surgical wounds reduced the rate of post-surgical infections
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Lister
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____reproduced disease by injecting healthy cows with anthrax microbe
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Koch
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_____proof of the Germ Theory (ie. a microbe can cause disease)
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Koch
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____'s Binomial System
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Linnaeus
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The Gram Stain:
____=primary stain Iodine=____ ____= “decolorizer” ____ = “counterstain” |
Crystal Violet (CV)
combines with CV & allows it to bind better (no color change occurs) Alcohol Safranin |
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Acid - Fast Stain (“___” stain): 1. Add __ (red primary stain) to smear 2. Apply heat 3. De-colorize with ___ 4. Counterstain with ___
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Ziehl-Neelsen” stain
Carbol Fuchsin acidic alcohol methylene blue |
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Acid-fast” bacteria (will/ won't) de-colorize
Non acid-fast bacteria (will/ won't) de-colorize ___are acid-fast(most other bacteria are not) |
won't(retain primary stain & stay red)
will(lose primary stain & counterstain blue Mycobacteria |
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Required or Optional Function
(nutrients, wastes) - Communicate with other bacteria - Replicate genetic information and pass on to next generation - Evolve |
Opt
Req Req |
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Required or Optional Function
- Store nutrients for later use - Enclose internal contents and separate from environment specific molecules - Create structures specialized for survival (spores) - Biosynthesis of cellular components |
Opt
Req Opt Req |
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Required or Optional Function
- Movement - Allow entry and exit of specific molecules - Attachment to other cells or surfaces - Exchange genetic information with other bacteria |
Opt
Req Opt Opt |