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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
learning
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reflects relatively permanent changes n an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience
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decision making
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refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem.
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expertise
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refers to the knowledge and skills that distinguish experts form novices and less experienced people
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explicit knowledge
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is the kind of information you're likely to think about when you picture someone sitting down at a desk to learn
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tacit knowledge
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is what employees can typically learn only through experience
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operant conditioning
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says that we learn by observing the link between our voluntary behavior and the consequences that follow it
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positive reinforcement
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is used to increase desired behaviors; it occurs when a positive outcome follows a desired behavior
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negative reinforcement
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used to increase desired behaviors; it occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior
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punishment
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used to decrease undesired behaviors; occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior
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extinction
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used to decrease undesired behaviors; occurs when there is the removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior
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continuous reinforcement
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is the simplest schedule and happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior
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intermittent reinforcement
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happens when reinforcement does NOT follow each instance of desired behavior
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fixed interval schedule
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most common form; workers are rewarded after a certain amount of TIME, and length of time between reinforcement stays the same
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variable interval schedule
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are designed to reinforce behavior at more random points in TIME
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fixed ratio schedule
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reinforce behaviors after a certain NUMBER of them have been exhibited
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variable ratio schedule
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rewards people after a varying NUMBER of exhibited behaviors
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social learning theory
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argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observation of others
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behavioral modeling
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happens when employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe and then repeat the observed behavior
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learning orientation
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where BUILDING competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence
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performance-prove orientation
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focus on demonstrating their competence so that others time favorably of them.
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performance-avoid orientation
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focus on demonstrating their competence so that others will not think poorly of them
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programmed decisions
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decisions that become somewhat automatic because people's knowledge allows them to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken
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intuition
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described as emotionally charged judgements that arise through quick, nonconscious, and holistic associations
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crisis situation
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is a change-- whether sudden or evolving that results in an urgent problem that must be addressed immediately
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nonprogrammed decisions
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when a situation arises that is new, complex and not recognized
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rational decision-making model
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offers a step-by-step approach to making decisions that maximize outcomes by examining all available alternatives
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bounded rationality
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is the notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision
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satisficing
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results when decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered.
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selective perception
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is the tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations
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projection bias
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is the belief that others think, feel, and act the same way they do
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social identity theory
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holds that people identify themselves by the groups to which they belong and perceive and judge others by their group membership
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stereotype
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occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group
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heuristics
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simple, efficient, rules of thumb that allows us to make decisions more easily
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availability bias
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is the tendency for people to base their judgment on information that is easier to recall
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fundamental attribution error
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argues that people have a tendency to judge others behaviors as due to internal factors
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self-serving bias
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occurs when we attribute our own failures to external factors and our own successes to internal factors
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consensus
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did OTHERS act the same way under similar situations
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distinctiveness
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does THIS PERSON tend to act differently in other circumstances
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consistency
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does THIS PERSON always do this when performing this task
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internal attribution
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will occur if there is low consensus, low distinctiveness and high consistency.
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external attribution
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will occur if there is high consensus, high distinctiveness and low consistency
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escalation of commitment
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refers to the decision to continue to follow a failing course of action
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training
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represents a systematic effort by organizations to facilitate the learning of job-related and behavior
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knowledge transfer
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is the transfer of knowledge from older, experienced workers to younger employees
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behavior modeling training
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ensures that employees have the ability to observe and learn from those in the company with significant amounts of tacit knowledge
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communities of practice
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are groups of employees who work together and learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time
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transfer of training
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occurs when the knowledge, skills, and behaviors used on the job are maintained by the learner once training ends and generalized to the workplace once the learner returns to the job
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climate for transfer
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an environment that can support the use of new skills
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