Mgmt 320 Exam 3

Front 1

_____ i am / am not the captain of my fate ; it indicates how much people believe they control their fate through their own efforts

Back 1

locus of control

Front 2

What are the 5 personaility traits important in organizations ?

Back 2

locus of control , self-efficacy, Self-esteem, self-monitoring, emotional intelligence

Front 3

_____ believe you control your own destiny

exhibits less anxiety, greater work motivation, and stronger expectations that efforts lead to performance (also obtains higher salleries)
Resist close managerial supervision ( jobs require high inititative and lower compliance )
Respond more productively to incentives such as merit pay or sales commonisions

Back 3

internal locus of control

Front 4

____ believe external forces control you
jobs are highly structured jobs requiring greater compliance

Back 4

external locus of control

Front 5

_____ I can/cant do this task

is belief in ones personal ability to do a task

Back 5

self efficacy

Front 6

_____ is associated with learned helplessness: the debilitating lack of faith in ones ability to control ones environment

Back 6

low self efficacy

Front 7

____ i like or dislike myself

Back 7

self esteem

Front 8

____ is the extent to which people like or dislike themselves, their overall self evaluation

Back 8

self esteem

Front 9

people with _______ handle failure better , emphasize the postive, when faced with pressure situaitons, egotistical and boastful

Back 9

high self esteem

Front 10

people with ______: focus on their weaknesses and to have had primarily negative thoughts; more dependent on others and are more apt to be influenced by them; less likely to take independent jobs

Back 10

low self esteem

Front 11

____ im fairly able or unable to adapt my behavior to others

Back 11

self monitoring

Front 12

_____ is the extent to which people are able to observe their own behavior and adapt it to external situations

Back 12

self monitoring

Front 13

the better at ________ , the more successful you will be

Back 13

self monitoring

Front 14

_______ im pretty good or not good ad understanding my emotions and the emotions of others

Back 14

emotional intelligence

Front 15

_____ is the ability to cope, to emphasize with others and to be self motivated

Back 15

emotional intelligence

Front 16

_____ is defined as a learned predisposition toward a given object ; they directly influence behavior

Back 16

attitudes

Front 17

What are the 3 components of attitudes?

Back 17

1. affective component
2. cognitive component
3. behavioral component

Front 18

____ consists of the feelings and emotions one has about a situation

Back 18

affective component

Front 19

_____ consists of the beliefs and knowledge one has about a situation

Back 19

cognitive component

Front 20

____ aka intention component refers to how one intends or expects to behave towards a situation

Back 20

behavioral component

Front 21

______ describes the psychological discomfort a person experiences between his or her cognitive attitude and incompatible behavior

Back 21

cognitive discomfort

Front 22

What are the 3 factors that how people deal with discomfort depend upon?

Back 22

1. importance
2. control
3. rewards

Front 23

What are the three ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?

Back 23

1. change your attitue and or behavior
2. belittle the importance of the inconsistent behavior
3. find consonant elements that outweigh the dissonant ones

Front 24

_____ is the process of interpreting and understanding one's environment

Back 24

perception

Front 25

What are the 4 distortions in perception?

Back 25

1. selective perception
2. stereotyping
3. the halo effect
4. casual attributions

Front 26

_____ i dont want to hear about that

it is the tendency to filter out information that is discomforting, that seems irrelevant or that contradicts one;s beliefs

Back 26

selective perception

Front 27

_____ are those sorts of people are pretty much the same

is the tendency to attribute to an individual the characteristics on ebelieves are typical of the group to which that individual belongs

Back 27

stereotyping

Front 28

______ is the belief that differeing traits and abilities make males and females particularity well suited to different roles

Back 28

sex role stereotypes

Front 29

______ tend to depict older workers as less involved in their work, less satisfied, less motivated and less committed

Back 29

age stereotypes

Front 30

_____ one trait tells me all i need to know

we form an impression of an individual based on a single trait

Back 30

the halo effect

Front 31

______ not only can a single positive trait be generalized into an array of positive traits, but the same generalization may be made for a negative trait

Back 31

horn and halo effect

Front 32

______ is the activity of inferring causes for observed behavior

Back 32

casual attribution

Front 33

_______ people attribtue another persons behavior to his or her personal characteristics rather than to situational factors

Back 33

fundamental attribution bias

Front 34

_______ people tend to take more personal responsibility for success than for failure

Back 34

self serving bias

Front 35

the ________ , also known as pygmalion effect, describes the phenomenon in which people's expectations of themselves or others lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true

Back 35

self-fulfilling prophecy

Front 36

What are the 6 popular incentives in compensation plans?

Back 36

1. pay for performance
2. bonuses
3. profit sharing
4. garnishing
5. stock options
6. pay for knowledge

Front 37

_____ ( merit pay): bases pay on one's results

Back 37

pay for performance

Front 38

____ employees are paid according to how much output they produce

Back 38

piece rate

Front 39

_____ sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made for their sales

Back 39

sales commission

Front 40

______ are cash awards given to employees who acheive specific performance objectives

Back 40

bonuses

Front 41

_____ is the distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits

Back 41

profit sharing

Front 42

_____ is the distribution of savings or gains to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity

Back 42

garnishing

Front 43

_____ certain employees are given the right to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price

Back 43

stock options

Front 44

_______ (skill based pay) ties employee pay to the number of job relevant skills or academic degrees they earn

Back 44

pay for knowledge

Front 45

________ dividing responsibility for leading among two or more managers

Back 45

shared leadership

Front 46

_______ is a simultaneous, ongoing, mutual influence process in which people share responsibility for leading

Back 46

shared leadership

Front 47

________ meeting the goals of followers and the organization, not of oneself

_____ focus on providing increased service to others meeting the goals of both followers and the organization-rather than to themselves

Back 47

servant leadership

servant leaders

Front 48

Job satisfaction > organizational commitment (identify with our company and believe in their goals) > ________

Back 48

outcomes

Front 49

less _______ > tardiness, absenteeism and turnover

Back 49

withdrawl behaviors

Front 50

under turnover outcomes, more likely to engage in ____________ (ocbs) - extra things for your organization

Back 50

organizational citizenship behaviors

Front 51

______________ (cwbs) = sabotage, theft, fighting

Back 51

less counterproductive work behaviors

Front 52

____ = role incompatible ; ex: professors are graded more on the research they do while at the university than teaching

Back 52

role incompatible

Front 53

_____= too much; too dificult, too fast

Back 53

role overload

Front 54

_____= role is not clear

Back 54

role ambiguity

Front 55

What is the 5 factor model of personality? (COEEA)

Back 55

1. Conscientiousness (dependable ) - most important in the workplace
2. openness to experience
3. extraversion (outgoing)
4. emotional stability (opposite neuroticism)
5. agreeableness

Front 56

What are the personailty factors that increase stress?

Back 56

neuroticism, Type A personaility

Front 57

_______ is high negative affectivity (high na); negative feelings ; little things distress them, distressed throughout their lives; high dissatisfaction (focusing on the negatives) ; 30% of our high na is genetic

Back 57

neuroticism

Front 58

____ driven to save time; be efficient > underlying anger

Back 58

type "a" personality

Front 59

What are 3 personality factors that decrease stress?

Back 59

1. hardiness trait
2. internal locus of control
3. proactive personality

Front 60

_____ sense of purpose; internal locus of control, change is normal

Back 60

hardiness trait

Front 61

_____ you feel like you influence your world

Back 61

internal locus of control

Front 62

____ looks for opportunities ; proceed even against obstacles; high self efficacy

Back 62

proactive personality

Front 63

___ is ability to do the task

Back 63

self-efficacy

Front 64

What are 2 distortions that reduce our stress?

Back 64

1. self serving bias
2. selective perception

Front 65

_____ credit for our success and blame other or environment for out failures

Back 65

self-serving bias

Front 66

_____ ignore information with which we disagree

Back 66

selective perception

Front 67

____ is an inverted u-shaped curve;

Back 67

stress; positive stress or good stress= eustress

Front 68

____ is very little stress or too much stress

Back 68

distress

Front 69

to reduce stress for a new applicant used ________ it is both positive and negative issues about the job

Back 69

"realistic job preview" (RJP)

Front 70

______ decreases expectations = increases satisfaction, increases role clarity, and decreases stress which all together decreases turnover

Back 70

realistic job preview

Front 71

___________ leads to lower expectations which leads to higher satisfaction and less stress with greater role clarity; turnover ratio is reduced by 20%

Back 71

the Model RJP

Front 72

What are the 3 holistic (or whole) treatments?

Back 72

1. escape
2. symptom management
3. control

Front 73

___vacation from work

Back 73

escape

Front 74

____ exercise after work

Back 74

sympotom management

Front 75

____ change the situation (ex: putting socks in laundry instead of on the floor)

Back 75

control

Front 76

What are the 3 stages of burnout?

Back 76

1. depersonalization of client / pt/ customer
2. feeling of low personal accomplishment
3. emotional exhaustion

Front 77

_____ is for indivudals who work in human servies

Back 77

burnout

Front 78

burnout is less common in people who have ______

Back 78

lower expectations

Front 79

occupational stress looks at 2 things: _____ and _______

Back 79

psychological demand and decisional control

Front 80

To deal with substance abuse, _____ are used

Back 80

EAP - employee assistance programs

Front 81

true or false: 4 x more men kill themselves than women

Back 81

true

Front 82

What do men ? women? use to commit suicide?

Back 82

men = guns
women = pills

Front 83

_______ and _____ would have more stress than Docotrs lawyers because its very demanding with little or no control

Back 83

waitstaff and firefighters

Front 84

_____ are forces that act on or within us to cause us to behave in a goal-directed manner

Back 84

motivation

Front 85

What are the content(need) theories of motivation? (4)

Back 85

1. maslow's need hierarchy
2. alderfer's modification
3.herzberg's 2-factor theory
4.McClelland's Acquired needs

Front 86

______ :
lists lowest to higher
lower-order & higher-order needs
satisfaction - progression

Back 86

maslow's need hierarchy

Front 87

List Maslow's hierarchy from bottom to top

Back 87

1. physiological needs : physical
2. safety needs: safety
3. belongingness/social needs: affilitaiton
4. self-esteem needs: esteem
5. self-actulaization needs: self actualisation : realizing your full potential: never really gets satisfied

Front 88

_____:
1. ERG theory ( existence, relatedness, growth)
2. Frustration -regression

Back 88

Alderfer's modification

Front 89

____ is satisfaction versus dissatisfaction

Back 89

Herzburg's 2 factor theory

Front 90

_____:
1. hygienes and motivators
2. dissatisfaction and satisfaction

Back 90

Herzberg's 2-factor theory

Front 91

______:
1. need for power(influence and control others for social good) ; job types: CEO , Management
2. Need for affiliation (trusting and warm relationship) job type: HR
3. need for acheivement ( challenging goals and immediate feedback) job type: sales

Back 91

McClelland's Acquired Needs

Front 92

______ are forces outside of us

Back 92

exogenous theory

Front 93

Skinner's reinforcement theory is considered a _________

Back 93

exogenous theory

Front 94

________ says if we engage in a behavior with postive consequence we repeat the behavior
but
if we engage in behaivor with negative consequences we do not repeat the behavior

Back 94

Thorndike's law of effect (1911)

Front 95

What are the 2 reinforcement strategies to deal with desirable behavior?

Back 95

1. postive reinforcement
2. avoidance learning (negative reinforcement)

Front 96

What are the 2 strategies to deal with undesirable behavior?

Back 96

1. extinction
2. punishment

Front 97

_____ increases the frequencey or strength of a desirable behaivor by providing postive consequences

ex: mary come in on time and the teacher smiles at her

Back 97

positive reinforcement

Front 98

_____ increasing the frequency or strength of desirable behavior by teaching the avoidance of negative consequences

ex: wear a hard hat

avoiding bad outcomes by doing desirable things

Back 98

avoidance learning

Front 99

____ reudincg the frequency or strength of an undesirable behavior by removing positive consequences
ex: getting everything to stop laughing at class clown

Back 99

extinction

Front 100

_____ reducing the frequency or strength of an undesirbale behavior by providing negative consequences

ex: if you do this again you will be fired (mary comes in late to class and the teacher frowns at her)

Back 100

punishment

Front 101

Skinner's approach to _____________ is a carrot and stick method; but he didnt take into account that people think

Back 101

The great Jackass Fallacy

Front 102

_____ are cognitive or thinking theories

Back 102

process theories

Front 103

_____ based on fairness was developed by Adams

consists of
1. formula
2. inputs and outcomes
3. experience inequity , how do you restore equity

Back 103

The equity theory

Front 104

What is the formula for the equity theory?

Back 104

outcomes - self/ inputs- self = outcomes - others/ inputs - others

Front 105

____ are what you bring into the workplace, job, education, skils, experience

Back 105

inputs (equity theory)

Front 106

____ are rewards - money, benefits, what you think your gettin out of your job/promotions

Back 106

outcomes

Front 107

experience inequity, how do you restore equity?

Back 107

1. increase outcomes
2. decrease inputs (done the most)
3. leave the field (quit)

Front 108

_____________ : cognitively distort inputs and outcomes ; change comparison other

Back 108

experience inequity (how do you restore equity)

Front 109

________ looking at what others in the same profession (job) make

Back 109

change comparison other

Front 110

In adam's equity theory, ______ - you can be over compensated and that creates inequity

Back 110

formula

Front 111

How do we restore equity?

Back 111

increase quality

Front 112

how sensitive are we to over compensation?

Back 112

not very sensative

Front 113

true or false? research is still going on in equity theory

Back 113

true

Front 114

_____ was the amount i receive fair, this leads to satisfied

Back 114

distributive justice

Front 115

____ was the deciision making process used by managemnt fair this is committed to my organization

Back 115

procedural justice

Front 116

_____ is the most cognitive of all theories
the model is efforts --> performance --> rewards
three steps are expecatancy, instrumentailty, valence

motivation = expectancy x instrumentality x valence

interference to motivation are phobia, nepotism and money or time off

Back 116

Vroom's expectancy theory

Front 117

______ consists of performance standards and deadlines
1. goal setting directs our attention, regulates our efforts, develop a stragey, and persists efforts
2. in labs, best goals are difficult and specific
3. in workplace best goals are challenging and specific
4. spefic goals reduce variability (makes them good)
5. difficult of challenging goals increase performance

Back 117

Locke's Goal setting theory

Front 118

What is a SMART goal?

Back 118

specific
measurable
acheiveable
relevant
timely

Front 119

_____ are 2 or more freely interacting individuals who have collective norms and share a common identity

Back 119

groups

Front 120

___ are expected ways to behave

Back 120

norms

Front 121

for groups or teams the ideal size is _____ and ____ is the second best

Back 121

5 ( odd number because of the majority)

3 is second best

in most cases 2 heads are better than one

Front 122

What are the 6 stages groups go through for development?

Back 122

1. forming
2. storming
3. norming
4. performing
5. maturing
6. adjouring

Front 123

____ orientation

Back 123

forming

Front 124

____ dissatisfaction (power order is determined)

Back 124

storming

Front 125

____ agree on behavior

Back 125

norming

Front 126

_____ task

Back 126

performing

Front 127

____ value the individual ( from another body of literature)

Back 127

maturing

Front 128

____ termination

Back 128

adjourning

Front 129

What are 3 threats to group function ?

Back 129

1. social loafing
2. asch effect
3. groupthink

Front 130

_____ individual efforts goes down ,as the size of the group goes up

Back 130

social loafing

Front 131

____ individual conformity in a group (1940's) ; ___% agreed with group even though they knew the answer was wrong

Back 131

Asch effect
80%

ex: individuals were asked which line out of 3 was the shortest or longest. Complied with group and said that the medium line was the longest although they knew it was not

Front 132

_____:
1. such overconformity that group makes dumb decisons
2. symptoms: invulnerable, moral unanimous, self-censorship

Back 132

group think

Front 133

What are the symptoms of groupthink?

Back 133

invulernable
moral
unanimous
self-censorship

Front 134

_____ have one leader; individual is evaluated

Back 134

formal work groups

Front 135

___ smaller and shared leadership; evaluate both team's accomplishments and the individual's contribution to the group

Back 135

team

Front 136

on teams there are typically what 2 types of leaders?

Back 136

task leader
maintenance leader

Front 137

____ gets the job done

Back 137

task leader

Front 138

___ relaitonships on the team

Back 138

maintenance leader

Front 139

___ getting things done even when others dont like it

Back 139

power

Front 140

_____ voluntarily following you

Back 140

leadership

Front 141

What are the 5 bases of power?

Back 141

1. legitimate power (organizationally based power)
2. reward power (organizationally based power)
3. coercive power (organizationally based power)
4. referent power (personally based )
5. expert power (personally based)

Front 142

_____ is a job in an organization

Back 142

organizationally - based power

Front 143

____ is what you are like personally

Back 143

personally based

Front 144

_____ is because you occupy a position

Back 144

legitimate power

Front 145

_____ is a positively reinforce

Back 145

reward power

Front 146

____ is threats and punishment

Back 146

coercive power

Front 147

____ people like you and want to be like you (role model)

Back 147

referent power

Front 148

_____ specialized knowledge

Back 148

expert power

Front 149

____ power makes people dissatisfied

Back 149

coercion power

Front 150

_____ powers are more important

Back 150

personally based powers

Front 151

____ power is the most important

Back 151

expert power

Front 152

In B.C. there was the __________ = leaders are born not made

Back 152

the greatest man theory

Front 153

In last century we have been searching for _____= distinctive characteristics of an individual that define leadership

Back 153

traits

Front 154

Some small positive correlations to _______ are charisma; knowledge; honest; inspirational; forward looking; somewhat intellegent ; need for power

Back 154

leadership

Front 155

The __________ consisted of The Ohio state studies , University of Michigan, and Blake and Mouton (managerial grid)

Back 155

1960's behavioral phase

Front 156

_______:
1. initiating structure (getting the job done; task)
2. consideration (attending to the employee)
3. 70% of the behavior of leaders are described by these 2 behaviors

Back 156

The Ohio State Studies

Front 157

______
1. task centered behaviors (job or productivity)
2. employee centered behaviors

Back 157

university of michigan

Front 158

______
1. now called leadership grid (9,9 grid)
2. improverish, authority-obeidence , country club and team

Back 158

Blake and Mouton (managerial grid)

Front 159

______ is the ideal way to manage people

Back 159

team leader

Front 160

What are the 3 situational leadership theories?

Back 160

1. fieldler's contingency theory
2. House's path-goal theory
3. Hersey & Blanchard (life cycle theory)

Front 161

_____ your personality that determine whether you are relationship oriented or task oriented

LPC and Ideal situation

Back 161

Fiedler's contingency theory

Front 162

_____ measures your personality ; low LPC= task oriented, high LPC = relationship oriented

Back 162

least-preferred coworker

Front 163

_______ measures high position power , good leader, high task structure

Back 163

IDeal situation

Front 164

____ supervisor can hire and fire

Back 164

high position power

Front 165

___ member relations

Back 165

good leader

Front 166

____ specific steps to follow to get the job done ; match personality to work situations

Back 166

high task structure

Front 167

____ is very task oriented and is very unfavorable

Back 167

low LPC's

Front 168

____ is relationship oriented and moderately unfavorable

Back 168

high LPC's

Front 169

_____ is flexible in choosing our leadership style dependent on the situation of the characteristics of the employees

Back 169

House's path-goal theory

Front 170

for ______ there are 4 leadership styles and four situations

Back 170

house's path goal theory

Front 171

What are the four leadership styles of house's path goal theory ?

Back 171

1. directive leadership style
2. supportive leadership style
3. acheivement oriented
4. participattive style

Front 172

What are the four situations of House's path goal theory?

Back 172

1. stressful environment
2. new employees who dont know what they are doing
3. professionals who are mature
4. difficult decision to make and need employees committment

Front 173

_____ are task centered (michigan ) or initiating structure (ohio state)

Back 173

directive leadership style

Front 174

____ empolyee ceneter (michighan) or consideration (ohio st)

Back 174

supportive leadership

Front 175

____ challenging goals; high expectations that they acheived

Back 175

achievement oriented

Front 176

____ empolyees give their opinions about what should be done

Back 176

participative style

Front 177

_____ situation uses directive leadership style

Back 177

stressful environment

Front 178

___situaiton uses supportive leadership style

Back 178

new employees who dont know what htey are doing

Front 179

____ situationn uses acheivement oriented style

Back 179

professionals who are mature

Front 180

____ situation uses participative style

Back 180

difficult decision to make and need employee's commitment

Front 181

________:
1. situation factor
2. tell, sell, participate and delegate

Back 181

HErsey and blanchard (life cycle theory)

Front 182

_____ employee readiness or employee maturity

Back 182

situational factor

Front 183

What are the 2 contemporary leadership theories?

Back 183

1. transformational vs transactional leaderships
2. Leader member exchange( LMX) by george graen

Front 184

______ are real leaders ; major change, vision, intellecutally stimulating, charismatic, individualized consideration

Back 184

transformational leaders

Front 185

____ are merely managers; manage by exception and manage by exchange

Back 185

transcactional leaders

Front 186

true or false : both transofmration and transactional leaders are needed

Back 186

true

Front 187

supervisors assign certain people to their ingroup and others to their out group; ______ gets special attention and assignemtns (get more and more promotions) ; ____ get treated in a contractual way

Back 187

in- group

out group

Front 188

In communication ____ is clarifying or verifying a message

Back 188

feedback

Front 189

im sorry is used by ___

Back 189

women

Front 190

positive feedback is used by __

Back 190

women

Front 191

indirect when giving instructions ___

Back 191

women

Front 192

act confident even when they dont know ____

Back 192

men

Front 193

___ ask questions

Back 193

women

Front 194

Whoa re the best communivators?

Back 194

women

Front 195

Who are more likely to get promoted ?

Back 195

men

Front 196

_____ in communication there is a need to do both

Back 196

gender flex

Front 197

best communicators in interpersonal relationships are ____

Back 197

women

Front 198

true or false: sender --> encodes message --> sends on channel --> decoded by receiver --> (feedback[clarify - nodding of head])--> back to sender

Back 198

true

Front 199

___ richeness of information (how much information gets passed

Back 199

channel

Front 200

data, memo, personal letters, thelephoen( voice tone), and face to face are _____ channels

Back 200

leanest

Front 201

choose what channel is appropriate in the situation will provide ____ channel

Back 201

richest

Front 202

____ is the least channel

___ is the most channel

Back 202

data

face to face (see expressions and emotions)

Front 203

Over ____ % of what we communicate is nonverbal

Back 203

90%

Front 204

_____ are 50% of our non verables and have universal meaning

Back 204

facial expressions

Front 205

____ is 38% of our non verbals

Back 205

voice tone

Front 206

What are means of non verbal communication?

Back 206

1. facial expressions
2. voice tone
3. eye contact
4. body language
5. gestures
6. touch
7. distance

Front 207

0-18" is intimate space
18" - 4 ' - personal space for friends and family
4' - 8 ' is social space
8-12' or more is public space

Back 207

distance as nonverbal communication

Front 208

____ :
improve communication by increasing the arena
learning about blindspots

Back 208

johari window

Front 209

Should we keep our facade?

Back 209

it is more important to get rid of blond spots in the work place than facade; both of these will increase the arena

Front 210

To get rid of the blind spot ask for ____

Back 210

feedback

Front 211

to get rid of the facade _____

Back 211

self disclose

Front 212

What are the 2 types of organizational communication?

Back 212

1. formal communication (vertical communication)
2. grapevine (informal communication )

Front 213

_____ is down the chain-borinng; perforamce feedback; indoctrination and slow
or
pass up - summerize and without ( not very good communication)

Back 213

formal communication (vertical communication)

Front 214

____ is interesting and very fast; 75% accurate; better communication

Back 214

grapevine; the further you move up in the organization the less you will be in the grapevine

Front 215

What are the 2 types of control in Controlling Function?

Back 215

1. constant controls
2. periodic controls

Front 216

_____ is the most important constant control

Back 216

employee self control

Front 217

employee self control, group norms and organizaitonal culture are ______

Back 217

constant controls

Front 218

auditing function, managment informaiton systems, and budegets are ______

Back 218

periodic controls

Front 219

gantt chart (bar chart) and pert diagram (flow chart) are _____

Back 219

project controls

Front 220

____ getting after the fact

Back 220

feedback

Front 221

____ getting information so that avoid probems (before)

Back 221

feedforward

Front 222

Which approach do managers prefer ? feed back or feed forward?

Back 222

feedforward