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34 Cards in this Set

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Protolith

Original rock prior to metamorphism. Can be igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic



Types of metamorphism acronym:



Cool Rockstars Have Sex Daily

Contact Metamorphism

Hot igneous rock intrudes into a pre-existing rock. Little or no increase in pressure

Regional Metamorphism

Increased temperature and/or pressure on a regional scale



Gneiss is most common high grade metamorphic rock (regional) formed from igneous or sedimentary rocks

Hydrothermal Metamorphism

Percolation hydrothermal fluids change chemical makeup of a rock by removing or depositing new elements



Shock Metamorphism

Meteorite or lava from a volcanic eruption collides with an existing rock. Characterized by high pressure and high temperature in a short period of time

Dynamic Metamorphism

Associated with zones of high to moderate strain such as a fault. Pressures and mechanical deformation rush rocks into angular fragments



Can form breccia

Breccia

Pieces of rock fragments in a fine matrix

Summary:



Heat + pressure =



Heat =



Pressure + faulting =

Regional metamorphism



Contact metamorphism



Dynamic metamorphism

Metamorphic grade

Level of metamorphism is measured by grade & each grade is called a facies



Grade can be determined by minerals present and grain size. Coarse grain = high grade; fine grain = low grade



Low-grade metamorphic rocks form under low pressure and temperature facies



High-grade metamorphic rocks form under high pressure and temperature facies

Fabric

Metamorphic textures



Relict fabric = fabric of original rock



Either planar or linear

Folitation

Planar metamorphic fabric

Lineation

Linear metamorphic fabric

Slaty

Examples: Slate, phylite Examples: 
 
Sedimentary protoliths
 
Breaks into sheets

Examples: Slate, phylite Examples:



Sedimentary protoliths



Breaks into sheets

Schistose

Examples: Shist
 
Sedimentary and igneous protoliths
 
Mica minerals align in bands

Examples: Shist



Sedimentary and igneous protoliths



Mica minerals align in bands

Gneissose

Examples: Gniess
 
Sedimentary (paragniess) and igneous (orthogneiss) protoliths
 
Virtually all minerals align in bands

Examples: Gniess



Sedimentary (paragniess) and igneous (orthogneiss) protoliths



Virtually all minerals align in bands

Granoblastic

Metamorphic rock (protolith): Granulite (intrusive igneous), marble (limestone), quartzite (sandstone)
 
Massive with no foliation

Metamorphic rock (protolith): Granulite (intrusive igneous), marble (limestone), quartzite (sandstone)



Massive with no foliation



Hornfelsic

Examples: Hornfels
 
Fine grained sedimentary protoliths
 
Hard, original banding

Examples: Hornfels



Fine grained sedimentary protoliths



Hard, original banding

Skarn

All rock types which have experienced metamorphism and exposure to hydrothermal fluids

Metamorphic ore deposits: Cu skarns

Contact metamorphism (low grade)



Mafic or ultramafic rocks overlain by sedimentary rocks or Ca-rich rocks (carbonate or limestone)



Cu leached from mafic rocks by hydrothermal fluids and transported towards Earth's surface. Fluids encounter organic/carbonate layer & Cu precipitates

Metamorphic ore deposits: Archean quartz-carbonate Au

Form along highly-deformed, steeply-dipping shear zones, generally near contact between metamorphic sedimentary volcanic rock sequences

Metamorphic ore deposits: Diamonds

Host rock: kimberlites (ultramafic, at least 35% olivine). Kimberlites develop through igneous processes but diamonds through metamorphic



To form: require pressure >4 GPa and temperatures 950 - 1350 C. Otherwise graphite will form instead of diamond

Kimberlite pipes

Conditions to form diamonds are found ~200 km below surface. Diamonds are brought to surface by kimberlite pipes. These intrude into the crust explosively and rock crystallizes too quickly for diamonds to revert into graphite.

Coal

Organic sediment consisting of a complex mixture of substances. Most abundant fossil fuel.



70% of world's coal production -> 40% of world's electricity



12% of world's coal production is used to make coke -> 70% of world's steel



22 coal mines in Canada

Rank

Higher rank = coal was buried deeper


Black coals:


High rank: anthracite


Medium rank: bituminous. Coking coal is med. rank.


Brown coals:


Low rank: sub-bituminous, lignite, peat



Higher rank = increasing carbon, calorific value, cost of extraction


Lower rank: increasing moisture, volatile content

Biochemical degradation & physico-chemical degradation

Biochemical = chemical decomposition of botanical matter assisted by organisms



Physico-chemical = caused by conditions of burial (pressure and heat change chemistry and structure of altered organic matter)

Macerals

Smallest microscopically recognizable entities in coal. Analogous to minerals in rocks (but do not have homogeneous chemistry and orderly internal structure)

Vitrinite maceral group

Woody plant material



Gray

Inertinite maceral group

Material that has been oxidized prior to coalification. high carbon content



White

Liptinite maceral group

More resistant parts of plants like spores, cuticles, and resin. Enriched in hydrogen



Dark gray

Vitrinite Reflectance

Most commonly used rank parameter for bituminous or black coals.



Vitrinite reflectance increases as rank of coaol increases

Clay minerals

Most abundant minerals in coal


-kaolinite, illite, montmorillonite



Clay minerals with swelling properties expand in contact with water: reduces strength and can be hazardous during mining


Other minerals in coal

Carbonates, oxides, sulphides



Pyrite (FeS2) causes acid rain

Gross Calorific Value

Heat liberated by the coal's complete combustion with oxygen

Proximate Analysis

Indicates degree of physico-chemical coalification



FC+M+VM+A = 100%



FC = fixed carbon


M = moisture


VM = volatile matter


A = ash