Metabolism And Nutrition: Short Answer

Front 1

When a cell needs energy, it utilizes as an immediate energy source a molecule called _______.

Back 1

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 2

NAD and FAD are organic substances that work with enzymes and are known as ____________.

Back 2

coenzymes

Front 3

The cytochromes and coenzymes work together to transfer electrons in a system known as the ________.

Back 3

electron transport system

Front 4

ATP production occurs during a process in which protons move across membranes in a cellular structure called the _________.

Back 4

mitochondrion

Front 5

The central carbohydrate available to the body for energy is __________.

Back 5

glucose

Front 6

During the process of cellular respiration, one of the products given off as a waste product is the gas ______.

Back 6

carbon dioxide

Front 7

Also during cellular respiration, the gas that is used as the acceptor of electrons is _______.

Back 7

oxygen

Front 8

During the process of glycolysis, glucose is broken down to form two molecules of _________.

Back 8

pyruvic acid

Front 9

In order to energize the reactions of glycolysis, energy must be supplied from the molecule ______.

Back 9

ATP

Front 10

Because the process of glycolysis does not involve oxygen, the process is considered to be ________.

Back 10

anaerobic

Front 11

The net gain of ATP molecules resulting from glycolysis is _______.

Back 11

two

Front 12

In active muscle cells not supplied with enough oxygen, the pyruvic acid resulting from glycolysis may be converted to ________.

Back 12

lactic acid

Front 13

The enzymes required for the Krebs cycle reactions and electron transport are located in the mitochondrion along folds of membranes known as ____________.

Back 13

matrix

Front 14

The electron transport system occurs on folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called __________.

Back 14

cristae

Front 15

An important 6-carbon acid formed during the early stages of the Krebs cycle is _______.

Back 15

citric acid

Front 16

During the reactions of the Krebs cycle, a number of reactions result in the conversion of NAD to _______.

Back 16

NADH

Front 17

Each of the carbon atoms entering the Krebs cycle results in the formation of a molecule of ________.

Back 17

carbon dioxide

Front 18

The last chemical compound formed in the Krebs cycle results in the formation of a molecule of ________.

Back 18

oxaloacetic acid

Front 19

After an oxygen atom takes up electrons during the electron transport system, it acquires two protons and forms a molecule of ________.

Back 19

water

Front 20

The energy liberated from electron transport is used to pump protons through the mitochondrial membranes in the process of _________.

Back 20

chemiosmosis

Front 21

The total number of ATP molecules produced through all the reactions of cellular respiration is _________.

Back 21

38

Front 22

When excess glucose is available in the body, it may be stored in the liver as the carbohydrate ____________.

Back 22

glycogen

Front 23

When the level of glucose is low in the blood, the body breaks down glycogen and releases the glucose in a process called ________.

Back 23

glycogenolysis

Front 24

A small amount of cholesterol from the diet is carried in the bloodstream in lipoproteins known as ________.

Back 24

very low density lipoproteins

Front 25

A high incidence of coronary heart disease is associated with lipoproteins that have almost 50 percent cholesterol and are known as ________.

Back 25

low density lipoproteins

Front 26

In the breakdown of fats for energy metabolism, fatty acids are converted into two carbon units of _______.

Back 26

acetyl-CoA

Front 27

Also in fat metabolism, the glycerol part of the fat can be utilized for energy after it has been converted to _______.

Back 27

DHAP

Front 28

The processes of fat catabolism result in condensation of acetyl-CoA molecules to yield acetoacetic acid, which is then converted to molecules called ________.

Back 28

ketone bodies

Front 29

Among the unsaturated fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body are linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and ________.

Back 29

arachidonic acid

Front 30

When the diet contains a large amount of carbohydrate, the glucose is converted to fats in the process of ______.

Back 30

lipogenesis

Front 31

In the process of deamination, amino acids are converted into compounds that can be used to supply ________.

Back 31

energy

Front 32

An important product of the metabolism of amino acids is a waste product expelled by the kidneys and known as __________.

Back 32

urea

Front 33

The essential amino acids are those that must be obtained from the __________.

Back 33

diet

Front 34

The protein that contains all the essential amino acids is known as ________.

Back 34

complete protein

Front 35

The body utilizes carbohydrates as a major energy source and uses amino acids for protein synthesis and stores fat as adipose tissue during the metabolic state known as the _________.

Back 35

absorptive state

Front 36

The body tissues depend primarily on fat for energy, and glycogen is used for energy during the state known as the __________.

Back 36

postabsorptive state

Front 37

The mineral required for blood clotting and normal muscle and nerve activity as well as for bone and tooth formation is _____________.

Back 37

calcium

Front 38

The mineral used as a component of hemoglobin molecules and in the cytochromes of electron transport is _____________.

Back 38

iron

Front 39

The most abundant positively charged ion in the extracellular fluid and the mineral used in maintaining water balance in the body and used in nerve impuse conduction is _______.

Back 39

sodium

Front 40

The disease beriberi results from a deficiency of a vitamin known as vitamin B1 or _________.

Back 40

thiamin

Front 41

The vitamin used in the synthesis of FAD is vitamin B2, also known as ________.

Back 41

riboflavin

Front 42

A deficiency of vitamin B12 leads to a blood disorder known as ___________.

Back 42

pernicious anemia

Front 43

The vitamin that promotes protein metabolism and the deposit of collagen during the formation of connective tissue is ascorbic acid, also called ________.

Back 43

vitamin C

Front 44

The fat-soluble vitamin D promotes the absorption of phosphorus and calcium from the _______.

Back 44

gastrointestinal tract

Front 45

The energy expenditure of the body per unit of time under basal conditions is the _______.

Back 45

basal metabolic rate

Front 46

After a meal has been ingested, the metabolism increases in a phenomenon called _______.

Back 46

specific dynamic action

Front 47

Heat is lost from the body during sweating and through exhalation in the process of ___________.

Back 47

evaporation

Front 48

The regulation of temperature in the body is related to the activity in the thermoregulatory center of a brain structure called the _________.

Back 48

hypothalamus

Front 49

Air and water molecules receive heat from the body through conduction and move away to be replaced by other molecules in the process of _________.

Back 49

convection

Front 50

Those substances that increase the body's thermostat and bring about fever are called ___________.

Back 50

pyrogens