Metabolism And Nutrition

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When a cell needs energy, it utilizes as an immediate energy source a molecule called

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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 2

NAD and FAD are organic substances that work with enzymes known as

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coenzymes

Front 3

The cytochromes and coenzymes work together to transfer electrons in a system known as the

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electron transport chain

Front 4

ATP production occurs during a process in which protons move across membranes in a cellular structure called the

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mitochondrion

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The central carbohydrate available to the body for energy is

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glucose

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During the process of cellular respiration, one of the products given off as a waste product is the gas

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CO2; carbon dioxide

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Also during cellular respiration, the gas that is used as the acceptor of electrons is

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oxygen

Front 8

During the process of glycolysis, glucose is broken down to form two molecules of

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pyruvic acid

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In order to energize the reactions of glycolysis, energy must be supplied from the molecule

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ATP

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Because the process of glycolysis does not involve oxygen, the process is considered to be

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anaerobic

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The net gain of ATP molecules resulting from glycolysis is

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2

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In active muscle cells not supplied with enough oxygen, the pyruvic acid resulting from the glycolysis may be converted to

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lactic acid

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The electron transport system occurs on folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane called

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cristae

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An important 6-carbon acid formed during the early stages of the Krebs cycle is

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citric acid

Front 15

During the reactions of the Krebs cycles, a number of reactions result in the conversion of NAD+ to

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NADH

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Each of the carbon atoms entering the Krebs cycle results in the formation of a molecule of

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carbon dioxide

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The last chemical compound formed in the Krebs cycle and a starting compound for a new turn of the Krebs cycle is

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oxaloacetic acid

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After an oxygen atom takes up electrons during the electron transport system, it acquires two protons and forms a molecule of

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H2O; water

Front 19

The energy liberated from electron transport is used to pump protons through the mitochondrial membranes in the process of

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chemiosmosis

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The total number of ATP molecules produced through all the reactions of cellular respiration is

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36

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When excess glucose is available in the body, it may be stored in the liver as the carbohydrate

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glycogen

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When the level of glucose is low in the blood, the body breaks down glycogen and releases the glucose in a process called

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glycogenolysis

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A small amount of cholesterol from the diet is carried in the bloodstream in lipoproteins known as

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very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

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A high incidence of coronary heart disease is associated with lipoproteins that have almost 50% cholesterol and are known as

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low density lipoproteins (LDL)

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In the breakdown of fats for energy metabolism, fatty acids are converted into two carbon units of

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acetyl-CoA

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Also in fat metabolism, the glycerol part of the fat can be utilized for energy after it has been converted to

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DHAP

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The processes of catabolism result in condensation of acetyl-CoA molecules to yield acetoacetic acid, which is then converted to molecules called

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ketone bodies

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Among the unsaturated fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the body are linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and

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lipogenesis

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When the diet contains a large amount of carbohydrates, the glucose is converted to fats in the process of

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lipogenesis

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In the process of deamination, amino acids are converted into compounds that can be used to supply

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energy

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An important product of the metabolism of amino acids is a waste product expelled by the kidneys known as

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urea

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The essential amino acids are those that must be obtained from the

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diet

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The protein that contains all the essential amino acids is known as a

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complete protein

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The body utilizes carbohydrates as a major energy source and uses amino acids for protein synthesis and stores fat as adipose tissue during the metabolic state known as the

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absorptive state

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The body tissue depends primarily on fat for energy, and glycogen is used for energy during the state known as the

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postabsorptive state

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The mineral required for blood clotting and normal muscle and nerve activity as well as for bone and tooth formation is

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calcium

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The mineral used as a component of hemoglobin molecules and in the cytochromes of electron transport is

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iron

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The most abundant positively charged ion in the extracellular fluid and the mineral used in maintaining water balance in the body and used in nerve impulse conduction is

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sodium

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The disease beriberi results from a deficiency of a vitamin known as vitamin B1 or

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thiamin

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The vitamin used in the synthesis of FAD is vitamin B2, also known as

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riboflavin

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A deficiency of vitamin B12 leads to a blood disorder known as

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pernicious anemia

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The vitamin that promotes protein metabolism and the deposit of collagen during the formation of connective tissue is ascorbic acid, also called

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vitamin C

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The fat-soluble vitamin D promotes the absorption of phosphorous and calcium from the

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gastrointestinal tract

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The energy expenditure of the body per unit of time under basal conditions is the

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basal metabolic rate

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After a meal has been ingested, the metabolism increases in a phenomenon called

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specific dynamic action

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Heat is lost from the body during sweating and through exhalation in the process of

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evaporation

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The regulation of temperature in the body is related to the activity in the thermoregulatory center of a brain structure called the

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hypothalamus

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Air and water molecules receive heat from the body through conduction and move away to be replaced by other molecules in the process of

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convection

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Those substances that increase the body's thermostat and bring about fever are called

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pyrogens