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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
surface area to volume
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- as a cell gets larger, its volume increases faster than its surface area
- SA is squared while volume is cubed - SA increases at 2/3 the power of its volume |
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metabolic rate
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- the overall rate of energy consumption by an individual
- often measured in terms of oxygen consumption - mL of Oxygen/ hr |
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mass specific metabolic rate
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rate of oxygen consumption per gram of tissue
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basal metabolic rate (BMR)
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- the rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest, with an empty stomach, under normal temperature and moisture conditions
- small animals have much higher BMRs than large ones |
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lamellae
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sheet-like structures on gills that aid in gas exchange
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villi
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narrow, tube-like projections in the digestive tract that increase SA for absorption
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homeostasis
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- the array of relatively stable chemical and physical conditions of an animal's cells, tissues, and organs
- maintained by conformation and regulation |
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set point
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- normal or target value for a variable controlled for homeostasis
- when variable changes, regulatory systems are triggered |
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sensor
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a structure that senses some aspect of the external or internal environment
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integrator
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evaluates the incoming sensor info and decides whether a response is necessary to maintain homeostasis
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effector
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structure that helps restore the desired internal condition
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negative feedback
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- when effectors reduce or oppose change in internal conditions
- homeostatic systems are based in negative feedback |
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conduction
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- the direct transfer of heat between two physical bodies that are in contact with each other
- rate depends on SA transfer, steepness of temp difference between two bodies, and how well each conducts heat |
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convection
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- type of conduction when heat is transferred between a solid and a liquid or gas
- ex. heat loss when wind blows on skin - as speed of air increases, heat transfer increases |
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radiation
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transfer of heat between two bodies that are not in direct physical contact
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evaporation
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phase change that occurs when liquid water becomes gas
- can only lead to heat loss |
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thermoregulation
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control of body temperature
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endotherm
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- produces enough heat to warm its own tissues
- basal metabolic rates are extremely high - have insulating structures like feathers or fur - higher energy production - heat generating tissues |
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ectotherm
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- relies on heat gained from enviro
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homeotherms
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keep body temperatures constant
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heterotherms
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allow body temperature to rise or fall depending on environmental conditions
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torpor
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when organsims reduce their metabolic rate and allow their body temperatures to drop in order to survive cold temperatures
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hibernation
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torpor that lasts weeks or months
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adipose tissue
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connective tissue whose cells store fats
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brown adipose tissue
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specialized form of adipose tissue that has a high density of mitochondria as well as stored fats
- produces 10x as much heat as other tissue |
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concurrent exchangers
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two adjacent fluids flow through adjacent pipes in opposite directions and conserve heat
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