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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Metabolism |
The sum of all the enzyme catalysed reactions that occur in an organism. These are organised into pathways. |
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Metabolic Pathway |
Pathways are organisations of reactions. The genes that code for the enzymes that catalyse the reactions are expressed in a coordinated manner so each pathway can operate as a unit. Some cells are specialised for certain pathways. Pathways are necessary for survival: ⚪️ Fuel oxidative pathways - to produce energy ⚪️ Biosynthetic pathways - to make body components ⚪️ Waste disposal pathways - to detoxify ⚪️ Fuel storage and mobilisation pathways |
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Catabolism |
The production of energy through the degradation of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. This produces ATP, NADH and NADPH. This releases carbon dioxide, water and ammonia. This is an exergonic process that released free energy. |
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Anabolism |
The synthesis of macromolecules from smaller precursors. This uses up ATP, NADH AND NADPH (produced from catabolic processes) and produces ADP, Phosphorus, NAD+ and NADP+. This is an endergonic process as energy is used up. |
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Proteins |
Made up of polypeptide chains (sequences of amino acids) which are bound together by covalent peptide bonds. Their primary structure is the amino acid sequence. The secondary structure can either be an alpha helix or a beta sheet. The tertiary and quaternary structure are stabilised by different types of bonds. Found in all cells. |
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Complex Carbohydrates |
Linear or branches polymers of simple sugars, like glucose or starch. e. g. amylopectin (found in starch) They're bonded together by glycosidic bonds. Glycogen is found in animals, rather than starch.
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Oligosaccharides |
A sequence of a few simple sugars. A small carbohydrate. |
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Lipids |
Include fatty acids, phospholipids, triacylglycerols (glycerol and 3 fatty acids) and cholesterol. The monomers are fatty acids and glycerol. Monomers are bonded together by ester bonds. e. g. palmitic acid (most common saturated fatty acid in animals) |
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Ingestion |
The process of taking food, drink, or another substance into the body by swallowing or absorbing it. |
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Digestion of Proteins |
Peptide bonds are hydrolysed. to form smaller peptides and then amino acids. |
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Digestion of Carbohydrates |
The glycosidic bonds are hydrolysed to form monosaccharides. |
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Digestion of Fats |
The ester bonds are hydrolysed to form fatty acids and monoacylglycerol (from triacylglycerols) |
