Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
adipokines
|
Factors that are secreted by adipose tissue are collectively referred to as adipokines.
|
|
|
adipocyte-derived anti-inflammatory adipokines
|
adiponectin, and SFRP5 (secreted frizzled-related protein 5)
|
|
|
macrphage-derived pro-inflammatory factors
|
TNF, WNT5a
|
|
|
M2 or alternatively activated macrophage
|
macrophages are polarized via PPAR-gamma and -delata to the M2 phenotype by Th2-type cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13; M2 macrophages upregulate IL-10, macrophage mannose receptor 1, arginase 1 and IL-1 receptor antagonist, and downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines,
|
|
|
M1 or classicaly activated macrophages
|
stimulated by Th1-type cytokines, including IFN-gamma, or with bacetrial products; M1 macrophages produce IL-6, TNF, express iNOS and thus ROS and nitrogen intermediates
|
|
|
adipokines that promote inflammatory condition
|
resistin, IL-6, TNF, retinol-binding protein (RBP4), ANGPTL2, CCL2, CXCL5, and nicotinphosporibosyltransferase (NAMPT)
|
|
|
leptin
|
controls appetite trough the CNS, and acts as a pro-inflammatory cytokine
|
|
|
metabolic syndrome
|
large waist circumference (men >/= 40 inches, women >/=35 inches), high levels of TGs (>/= 150 mg/dL), low levels of HDL (men: <40, women < 50 mg/dL), high fasting blood glucose (>/=100); high blood pressure (>/= 130/85 mmHg)
|
|
|
resistin
|
encoded by RETN, induced by IL-6, IL-1, TNF; inhibited by PPAR-y agonist rostiglitazone
modulate glucose metabolism, associated with the activation of SOCS3, an inhibitor of insulin signalling |
|
|
where is resistin produced?
|
in mice in adipocytes, in humans in monocytes and macrophages
|
|
|
SLCA4
|
GLUT4
|
|
|
which adipokines promote inflammation and insulin resistance?
|
Resistin, RBP4, Lipocalcin, ANGPTL4, TNF, IL-6, IL-18, CXCL5, CCL2
|
|
|
stromal vascular fraction
|
non-adipocyte components of adipose tissue, including monocytes, macrophages, vascular cells, pre-adipocytes, t cells, and mesenchymal stem cells
|
|
|
aiponectin
|
exclusively synthesized by adipocytes, present at high levels 3-30 micro g/mL, adiponectin has a globular domain, that is similar to ceomplement factor c1q; adiponectin forms trimers, through collagen-like domain interactions, is induced by ppar-y
|
|
|
How is insulin sensitivity mediated by adiponectin?
|
in part by activating AMPK, which increases fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake in muscle tissue, and inhibition of gluconeogenesis in the liver
|
|
|
adiponectin: link between adipose and cardiovascular tissues
|
adiponectin is a protective adipokine against the development of obesity-linked heart diseases; it reduces TNF-stimulated expression of IL-8 and VCAM-1 through the suppression of NF-kappa B, and thus diminishes monocyte attachment. Furthermore adiponectin promotes vascular homeostasis through activation of eNOS via AMPK.
|
|
|
other effect of adiponectin on vascular tissue:
|
it promotes the expression of the autacoid PGI2
|
|
|
adiponektin and the heart?
|
it prevents detrimental remodelling of the heart via interaction with t-cadherin, preventing states such as fibrosis
|
|
|
adiponectin and artherosclerosis
|
it inhibits the transformation of macrophages into foam cells, it reduces intracellular ce content by suppressing the expression of class A scavenger receptors SR-A, it also abrogates LPS-stimulated TNF production by macrophages and inhibits TLR-mediated activation of NFkappaB in mouse macrophages.
|
|
|
adiponectin and resolution of inflammation
|
similar to other collectins such as c1q, adiponectin binds calreticulin on macrophages. calreticulin and cd91 act as coreceptor system for the uptake/removal of apoptotic cells by macrophages
|
|
|
SFRPs
|
act as soluble mediators that sequester WNT protein ligands, preventing them from binding to their cognate receptors.
|
|
|
JNK1
|
MAPK8
|
|
|
JNK1?
|
a downstram target of non-canonical wnt signalling, is activated in adipose tissues of SFRP5-deficient mice on high-calorie diet.
|
