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27 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
General paresis of the insane
Afflicted 10-15% of institutionalized people at turn of century. Mania, delusions, cognitive deterioration, paralysis, death. Traced to brain infection.
Anxiety disorders
Inappropriate expression of fear. 15% of Americans/year. Real or imagined stimuli.
Panic disorder
Experience panic attacks - sudden feelings of intense terror that occur without warning. Palpitations, sweating, trembling. Recurring and unprovoked. 2%.
Agoraphobia
Severe anxiety about being in situations where escape is either impossible or embarrassing. 5%.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
OCD. Obsessions (recurrent, intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors/mental acts) performed to reduce anxiety. 2%.
Stress response
Coordinated reaction to threatening stimuli: avoidance behavior, increased vigilance and arousal, activation of sympathetic ANS, release of cortisol from adrenal glands
Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
Mediates humoral response of stress response.
ACTH and CRH
Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus releases CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) which stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Glucocorticoid receptors
Hippocampus. Respond to the cortisol release from adrenal gland in response to HPA system activation.
Anxiolytic medications
Medications that reduce anxiety - they act by altering chemical synaptic transmission in the brain.
Benzodiazepines
Bind to a GABA receptor site and act to make GABA much more effective in opening the channel and producing inhibition. Valium, diazepam. Treatment for acute anxiety.
SSRI
Serotonin Selective reuptake inhibitors. Prozac. Not immediate. Therapeutic effects develop slowly over several weeks. Increase amt of serotonin. Depression/OCD
Affective disorders
Mood disorders. Disordered emotions.
Major depression
Most common mood disorder. Lowered mood, decrease interest in activities, change in appetite, insomnia, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, thoughts of death
Bipolar disorder
Recurrent mood disorder. Repeated episodes of mania and/or depression
Mania
Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. Psychomotor retardation (speech movement slowed down)
Cyclothemia
Hypomania + depression not severe enough to be bipolar.
Monoamine Hypothesis
Mood is closely tied with levels of release monoamine neurotransmitters NE and serotonin. Depression = deficit. Direct relation too simple.
Diathesis stress model
Genetic predisposition + environmental stress factors (e.g. abuse etc.) HPA = main site where influences converge.
ECT
Electroconvulsive therapy. electrical currents are passed between 2 electrodes placed on scalp. Seizure discharges in brain. Relief can occur quickly. Can disrupt memories.
Antidepressant drugs
Tricyclic compounds, SSRIs, NEsri. Elevate levels of monoamine transmitters in brain. Take weeks to develop.
Lithium
Affects neurons in many ways. Monovalent cation that passes freely through neuronal sodium channels. Remains unknown why so effective.
Schizophrenia
Loss of contact with reality, and a disruption of thought, perception, mood, movement. Early adulthood, persists for life. Divided mind. Hereditary.
Physical changes of Schizophrenia
Enlarged lateral ventricles, cortical connection changes, microscopic changes, defects in myelin sheaths - cause/consequences?
Neuroleptic drugs
Chlorpromazine and other related antipsychotic medications
Dopamine hypothesis of Schizophrenia
Psychotic episodes in schizophrenia are triggered specifically by the activation of dopamine receptors.
Glutamate hypothesis of Schizophrenia
The disorder reflects diminished activiation of NMDA receptors in the brain