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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
General paresis of the insane
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Afflicted 10-15% of institutionalized people at turn of century. Mania, delusions, cognitive deterioration, paralysis, death. Traced to brain infection.
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Anxiety disorders
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Inappropriate expression of fear. 15% of Americans/year. Real or imagined stimuli.
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Panic disorder
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Experience panic attacks - sudden feelings of intense terror that occur without warning. Palpitations, sweating, trembling. Recurring and unprovoked. 2%.
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Agoraphobia
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Severe anxiety about being in situations where escape is either impossible or embarrassing. 5%.
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
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OCD. Obsessions (recurrent, intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors/mental acts) performed to reduce anxiety. 2%.
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Stress response
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Coordinated reaction to threatening stimuli: avoidance behavior, increased vigilance and arousal, activation of sympathetic ANS, release of cortisol from adrenal glands
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Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
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Mediates humoral response of stress response.
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ACTH and CRH
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Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus releases CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone) which stimulates anterior pituitary gland to release Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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Glucocorticoid receptors
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Hippocampus. Respond to the cortisol release from adrenal gland in response to HPA system activation.
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Anxiolytic medications
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Medications that reduce anxiety - they act by altering chemical synaptic transmission in the brain.
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Benzodiazepines
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Bind to a GABA receptor site and act to make GABA much more effective in opening the channel and producing inhibition. Valium, diazepam. Treatment for acute anxiety.
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SSRI
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Serotonin Selective reuptake inhibitors. Prozac. Not immediate. Therapeutic effects develop slowly over several weeks. Increase amt of serotonin. Depression/OCD
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Affective disorders
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Mood disorders. Disordered emotions.
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Major depression
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Most common mood disorder. Lowered mood, decrease interest in activities, change in appetite, insomnia, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, thoughts of death
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Bipolar disorder
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Recurrent mood disorder. Repeated episodes of mania and/or depression
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Mania
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Distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. Psychomotor retardation (speech movement slowed down)
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Cyclothemia
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Hypomania + depression not severe enough to be bipolar.
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Monoamine Hypothesis
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Mood is closely tied with levels of release monoamine neurotransmitters NE and serotonin. Depression = deficit. Direct relation too simple.
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Diathesis stress model
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Genetic predisposition + environmental stress factors (e.g. abuse etc.) HPA = main site where influences converge.
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ECT
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Electroconvulsive therapy. electrical currents are passed between 2 electrodes placed on scalp. Seizure discharges in brain. Relief can occur quickly. Can disrupt memories.
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Antidepressant drugs
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Tricyclic compounds, SSRIs, NEsri. Elevate levels of monoamine transmitters in brain. Take weeks to develop.
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Lithium
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Affects neurons in many ways. Monovalent cation that passes freely through neuronal sodium channels. Remains unknown why so effective.
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Schizophrenia
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Loss of contact with reality, and a disruption of thought, perception, mood, movement. Early adulthood, persists for life. Divided mind. Hereditary.
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Physical changes of Schizophrenia
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Enlarged lateral ventricles, cortical connection changes, microscopic changes, defects in myelin sheaths - cause/consequences?
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Neuroleptic drugs
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Chlorpromazine and other related antipsychotic medications
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Dopamine hypothesis of Schizophrenia
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Psychotic episodes in schizophrenia are triggered specifically by the activation of dopamine receptors.
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Glutamate hypothesis of Schizophrenia
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The disorder reflects diminished activiation of NMDA receptors in the brain
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