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7 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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law of segregation looks at alleles at ____ loci |
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law of independent assortment |
-when extend Mendel's principles to crosses with alleles at multiple loci -states: during gamete formation, segregation of alleles at one locus is independent of the segregation of alleles at another locus -shown in a dihybrid cross -exception: linked genes (genes on same chromosome) |
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dihybrid cross |
-inheritance of one trait doesn't influence the inheritance of another trait -e.g. seed shape and seed colour -9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio -when cross F1 generation, use 2ⁿ = # of different gametes, where n = # of heterozygous genes: RrYy = 2 heterozygous genes = 2² = 4 different gametes |
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probability in multihybrid crosses |
-branched diagram/forked-line method: shows each trait independently -multiplication rule is used to determine proportions of the trait combinations -each trait can be treated independently because of independent assortment |
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trihybrid cross |
-3 pairs of contrasting traits -F1 gametes = 2ⁿ = 2³ = 8: ABC, ABc, AbC, Abc, aBC, aBc, abC, abc -can't do a punnet square with 64 boxes! → branched diagram/forked-line method -NO TRIHYBRID QUESTIONS ON EXAM |
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chi-square analysis (χ²) |
-evaluation of the fitness of observed results to theoretical expectations -simple e.g. tossing a coin: 1:1 expected ratio, if toss 1000 times expect 500/500 - actual numbers will deviate from a perfect ratio - you do it and get 486/514 - within reason, deviation is attributed to chance |
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chi-square analysis (χ²) applied to Mendelian genetics |
-can use on 3:1/9:3:3:1 ratios -↑ sample size = ↓ chance deviation -null hypothesis (H₀) = the expected Mendelian ratio (1:1, 3:1, 9:3:3:1) = no real difference between observed and expected values -reject H₀: deviation from expected ratio is due to more than chance (you messed up) -fail to reject H₀: deviation can be attributed to chance (observed values fit the expected ratio) |
