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6 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Retrieval Failure due to Absence of Cues |
Associated cues stored at same time of information placed in memory. When cues absent at recall, might not be able to access memories. Encoding Specificity Principle (ESP): - TULVING (1983): cues can help retrieval if cues are present at time of encoding Some have meaning linked: e.g. cue fo 'STM' may trigger information about the STM Some have no meaningful link: context dependent-memory dependent on environmental cue e.g. weather state-dependent: retrieval dependent on internal cue e.g. state of mind. |
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Key Study: Godden & Baddeley |
PROCEDURE: deep-sea divers learned word lists and were later asked to recall them: -G1: learn on land-recall on land -G2: learn on land-recall underwater -G3: learn underwater-recall on land -G4: learn underwater-recall underwater FINDINGS: when environmental learning context didn't match recall environment recall=40% lower than when they did match CONCLUSIONS: demonstrates context-dependent forgetting as information not accessible when context recall didn't match learning context |
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A strength is a range of supporting evidence. |
GODDEN & BADDELEY: research with deep sea divers. THEREFORE, increases validity especially when conducted in real-life situations as well as lab conditions. |
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A strength is context-related cues have useful everyday applications. |
COGNITIVE INTERVIEW: method of getting eyewitnesses to recall more crime information by using 'context reinstatement. THEREFORE, can be used in everyday life. |
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A limitation is context effects only occurs when memory is tested in certain ways. |
GODDEN & BADDELEY: replicated underwater experiment using recognition test instead of recall. - no context-dependent effect: performance the same in all 4 conditions. THEREFORE, limits retrieval failure as an explanation as absence/presence of cues only affect memories for test recall. |
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A limitation is ESP cannot be tested. |
-when cue produces successful recall of a word, assumed cue must have been present at encoding time. (vice versa when cue not present) BUT there's no way to independently establish whether or not cue has really been encoded. |
