Memmler's Ch 3 Cells And Their Functions

Front 1

Active Transport

Back 1

Movement of molecules into or out of a cell from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Requires energy and transporters.

Front 2

Characteristics of cell

Back 2

organization, responsiveness, homeostasis, growth, reproduction

Front 3

Components of the plasma membrane

Back 3

main layer is bilayer of phospholipids

Front 4

Proteins in the plasma membrane

Back 4

channels, transporters, receptors, enzymes, linkers, cell identity markers

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Channels

Back 5

pores in the membrane that allow passage of specific substances, such as ions

Front 6

Transporters

Back 6

shuttle substances, such as glucose, across the membrane

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Receptors

Back 7

allow for attachment of substances, such as hormones, to the membrane

Front 8

Enzymes

Back 8

participate in reactions at the surface of the membrane

Front 9

Linkers

Back 9

give structure to the membrane and attach cells to other cells

Front 10

Cell Identity Markers

Back 10

proteins unique to a person's cells; important in the immune system and in transplantation of tissue from one person to another

Front 11

Membrane Potential

Back 11

difference in electric charge on either side of a plasma membrane

Front 12

Nucleus

Back 12

large, organelle near the center of the cell, composed of DNA and proteins; contains the chromosomes

Front 13

Plasma Membrane

Back 13

outer layer of the cell; mainly composed of lipids and proteins; encloses the cell contents, regulates what enters and leaves the cell, participates in growth, reproduction, and interactions between cells

Front 14

Microvilli

Back 14

short extensions of the plasma membrane; absorbs material into the cell

Front 15

Nucleolus

Back 15

small body in the nucleus; composed of RNA, DNA and protein; makes ribosomes

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Cytoplasm

Back 16

colloidal suspension that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane; site of many cellular activities, consists of cytosol and organelles

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Cytosol

Back 17

the fluid portion of the cytoplasm; surrounds the organelles

Front 18

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 18

network of membranes within the cytoplasm; rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER does not; Rough ER sorts proteins and forms them into more complex compounds; smooth ER is involved with lipid synthesis

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Ribosomes

Back 19

small bodies free in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER; composed or RNA and protein; manufacture proteins

Front 20

Mitochondria

Back 20

large organelles with internal folded membranes; converts energy from nutrients into ATP

Front 21

Golgi Apparatus

Back 21

layers of membrane; makes compounds containing proteins; sorts and prepares these compounds for transport to other parts of the cell or out of the cell

Front 22

Lysosomes

Back 22

small sacs of digestive enzymes; digests substances within the cell

Front 23

Peroxisomes

Back 23

membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes; break down harmful substances

Front 24

Vesicles

Back 24

small membrane-bound sacs in the cytoplasm; store materials and move materials into or out of the cell in bulk

Front 25

Centrioles

Back 25

rod shaped bodies (usually 2) near the nucleus; help separate the chromosomes during cell division

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Cilia

Back 26

short, hairlike projections from the cell; move the fluid around the cell

Front 27

Flagellum

Back 27

long, whiplike extension from the cell; moves the cell

Front 28

Semipermeable

Back 28

capable of being penetrated by some substances and not others

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Selectively permeable

Back 29

describing a membrane that regulates what can pass through

Front 30

Diffusion

Back 30

the constant movement of particles from a region of relatively higher concentration to one of lower concentration

Front 31

Osmosis

Back 31

diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

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Isotonic

Back 32

has the same concentration of dissolved substances as the fluid in the cell; cell in equilibrium with it's environment

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Hypotonic

Back 33

has a lower concentration of dissolved substance than the fluid in the cell; cell takes in water, swells, and may burst; red blood cells undergoes hemolysis

Front 34

Hypertonic

Back 34

has a higher concentration of dissolved substances than the fluid in the cell; cell will lose water and shrink; cell undergoes crenation

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Bulk Transport

Back 35

movement of large amounts of material through a cell's plasma membrane

Front 36

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 36

movement of materials across the plasma membrane along the concentration gradient using transporters to speed the process

Front 37

Filtration

Back 37

movement of materials through the plasma membrane under mechanical force

Front 38

Endocytosis

Back 38

transport of bulk amounts of material INTO the cell using vesicles

Front 39

Exocytosis

Back 39

transport of bulk materials OUT of the cell using vesicles

Front 40

DNA

Back 40

almost entirely in the nucleus; nucleotides contain adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine; double stranded helix, pairing A-T and G-C; makes up the chromosomes, divided into genes that carry the nucleotide codes for the manufacture of proteins

Front 41

RNA

Back 41

almost entirely in the cytoplasm; nucleotides contain adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil; manufacture proteins according to the code carried in DNA; 3 types messenger (mRMA), ribosomal (rRNA), and transfer (tRNA)

Front 42

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 42

is built on a strand of DNA in the nucleus and transcribes the nucleotide code; moves to cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome

Front 43

Ribosomal RMA (rRNA)

Back 43

with protein make up the ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; involved in the process of translating the genetic message into a protein

Front 44

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 44

works with other forms of RNA to translate the genetic code into protein; each molecule or tRNA carries an amino acid that can be used to build a protein into a ribosome

Front 45

Stages of Mitosis

Back 45

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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Prophase

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first stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the organelles disappear

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Metaphase

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second stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the equator

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Anaphase

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third phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate to opposite sides of the cells

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Telephase

Back 49

final stage of mitosis, during which new nuclei form and the cell contents usually divide

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Interphase

Back 50

stage in a cell's life between one mitosis and the next when the cell is not dividing

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Apoptosis

Back 51

programmed cell death

Front 52

Cancer Risk Factors

Back 52

heredity, chemicals, radiation, physical irritation, diet, viruses