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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Behaviorism
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early approach that eschewed study of consciousness in favor of a scientific analysis of overt behavior
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Cognitive psych
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scientific study of mental processes
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cognitive science & included disciplines
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effort to understand the mind; cog psych, philosophy, neuroscience, artificial intelligence, linguistics, anthropol.
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connectionism / parallel distributed processing
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model using brain based metaphor to describe cognitive processes in terms of complex and interconnected networks of individual processing units that operate in parallel.
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dualism / descartes
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the belief that mind and body operate separately (mind & brain are separate)
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ecological validity
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extent to which research results can be related to everyday situations
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embodied cognition
{thinking<->action} |
a constellation of ideas emphasizing the belief that thinking is dynamic & occurs in conjunction with action & within a broader context that guides and shapes it.
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Forgetting curve / memory loss v. time
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a fn relating memory to time passage. most memory loss occurs shortly after studying & slows down from there on.
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Functionalism
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Early approach to study of consciousness that emphasized discovery of basic uses of consciousness & how it helps us to ADAPT in daily life.
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Gestalt approach
xxxx xxxx xxxx |
early approach to study of consciousness that emphasized inherent organization tendencies of the mind.
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Info-processing model
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descriptive approach likening the processes of the brain to the operation of a computer.
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introspection
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rigorous & systematic self-report of basic elements of an experience
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latent learning
cognitive!! |
learning that occurs in the absence of any reinforcement
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Laws of Association
philos. behind psych |
Principles that underlie the act of relating two ideas or concepts
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materialism / opposite of dualism
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View that mind & body are one & the same. Mind is completely accounted for by the brain. (basically the mind doesnt exist on its own)
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mental map
**maze |
mental representation of a spatial layout
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psychophysics
))))))) I )))) brightness, closeness, etc. PERCEPTION, ex: snapping at a concert, snapping in the library |
study of relationship between physical properties of a stimulus & properties taken on when stimulus is filtered through a subjective experience.
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Savings
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Ebbinghaus; measure of memory; reduction of learning trials needed to retain information based on previous learning trials
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S-R Psychology
stimulus-response, reinforcements |
AKA Behaviorist approach - emphasizes observation of relationships between observable stimuli and responses.
behaviorists - reinforcements produce certain responses which we can predict. |
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structuralism / ELEMENTS
*like CHEM* |
early approach to study of consciousness emphasizing breaking it down in terms of most elemental components
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Unconscious inference
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Implicit assumption made by perceptual systems about some characteristic of an incoming stimulus.
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Accuracy
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% of trials on which a subject is correct
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action potential
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all or none reaction of a neuron when a stim. meets a threshold
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between - subjects design
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experimental design in which different subjects receive each level of the independent variable
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between - subjects factorial design
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diff subjects are assigned to each of the experimental groups created by the factorial design
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carryover effects
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occur when processing/strategy effects from one condition influence processing in a subsequent condition
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case studies
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intensive investigations of a single case or a small number of cases
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central tendency
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descriptive measure that give an indication of a typical score
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cerebral cortex
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outer shell of the brain that compromises majority of the forebrain and is made up of billions of neurons
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cog neuroscience
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interdisciplinary field of study; combo neuro + psych; attempts to relate cognitive processing to its neural substrates
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confounding variables
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factors that vary in conjunction with IV
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dependent variables
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measured in experiment that are influenced by the IV
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descriptive stats
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variables measured in an experiment that are influenced by changes in the iV
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double-blind procedure
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prevention strategy for expectancy effects that keep both the partipants and researcher naive as to purposes and particular treatments of the study
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double dissociation
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two measures of performance are affected in an opposite fashion by different experimental variables
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electroencephalograph EEG
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a brain investigation technique that involves recording summed action potentials through scalp to diff areas of brain
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Event-related potentials (ERP<-> EEG)
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changes in the brains electrical activy at crit points that are measured to show the temporal relationship between a stimulus presentation and brain response
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expectancy effects
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influence of a subject or experimenter beliefs on results of a study
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experimental conditions
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groups being compared in a study; circumstances formed by manipulation of IV
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experimental context variables
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varying the nature of the instructions given to subjects or the situaitons in whcih subjects are tested
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experimental research
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systematic manipulation and measurement of variables in a controlled setting designed to allow for casual explanations
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factor
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synonym for the IV
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factorial design
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experimental design THAT INVOLVES completely crossing levels of one IV with levels of all other IV
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FOREBRAIN
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LARGEST region, controls higher-level process involved in sensation, emo, thought.
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functional magnetic resonance imagine
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FMRI - brain-imaging technique tracing brain activity through use of magnetic detectors sensitive to blood hemoglobin levels
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________hindbrain
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region of brain lying at base of the skull and controls basic life functions
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IV -
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Manipulated & assumed to cause changes in DV
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inferential stats
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stat tests that provide indication that results occurred as a probability of chance
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interaction
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occurs when particular influence of one independent variable depends on the level of another IV
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internal validity
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degree to which extraneous variables are controlled
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limbic system
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system of structures in the lower forebrain that is important in learning, mem, basic emo
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main effects
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overall effects of an IV on DV
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material variables
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varying nature of the material being processed by subjects
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metacognition
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one's awareness of one's own cognitive processing tendencies & abilities
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midbrain
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a small brain region dorsal to hindbrain that controls some sensory reactions and relates to overall brain arousal
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mixed-factorial design
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involves joint manipulation of at least one between-subjects factor and at least one within-subjects factor
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n400 Response
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Pronounced negative deflection in brain's response to a stimulus relative to a baseline condition that occurs approx. 400 ms after onset of stimulus.
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naturalistic observation
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watching and recording behavior in a natural setting
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neuron
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nerve cell; basic building block of nervous system
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operational definiton
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defining a variable in terms of precise, measurable procedures that can be repeated by other researchers
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p300 resonse
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pronounced POSITIVE deflectoin in brain's response to a stimulus relative to a baseline condition that occurs approx. 300 ms after onset of the stimulus
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performance-meaure variables
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varying the nature of the response measures given to subjects
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positron-emission topography scan (PET scan) radiooo
here kittykitty on the radio |
brain-imaging technique that traces brain activity by observing the distribution of an ingested radioactive substance
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practice effects
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general improvement in participant performance that occurs over the course of participation
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Reaction Time RT
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time taken to respond to a stimulus, usually measured in miliseconds
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self-report
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use of interviews or questionnaires to gather subject data
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single-dissociation
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occurs when some change influences the operation of one particular process but leave another unaffected
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single-factor experiment
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Experiment in which the effects of only one IV are assessed.
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speed-accuracy trade-off
speed ^ accuracy v indirect relationship |
tendency for faster responding to be associated with higher error rates (all other things equal)
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split-brain patients
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people who have their corpus callosum split; typically for treatment of epilepsy.
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statistical significance
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term used to describe results that are unlikely to have arisen through simple chance variation
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subject variables
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varying nature of research subjects (sex, age..)
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within-subjects design
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experimental design in which same subjects receive each level of the IV
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within-subjects factorial
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factorial design in which the same subjects partake in each of the conditions created by factorial design.
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access consciousness
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we manipulate representations in the service of reasoning, communication, behavior
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attentional capture
TWITTER WHILE STUDYING |
occasions in which a person's attention is involuntarily drawn to a stimulus
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attentional set
see lib, attention is motivated |
strategy or mind-set you have as you attend to a visual scene
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attenuation theory
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theory positing an attenuation mech that minimizes but does not eliminate analysis of unattended info; salient or contextual
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authorship processing
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set of processes that lead us to attribute events to the entities that are thought to have caused them
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blindsight
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neurolog disorder characterized by a lack of visual awareness but the preserved ability to report on some aspects of a stimulus .
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bottom - up / data-driven
wake up, feel tired DunkinDoughnuts brings your BOTTOMS UP! |
identification of a stim. thru assembly of its component features, no prev expectency
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change detection
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ability to notice variations in perceptual environment
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closure
(drawings of triangle) |
tendency to perceptually complete incomplete objects
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cocktail party phenomenon
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tendency to notice highly relevant stimuli presented in an unattended channel
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common fate
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tendency to group elements together if they are moving in the same direction or at the same speed
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common region
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tendency to group together elements that seem to belong to a common designated area
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consciousness
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awareness of internal and external events
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constructive view
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perceptual empahsis of the role of active construction and interpretation in arrive at a 3D percept of the world
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dichotic listening
hearing test |
simultaneous listening to two different messages, one in each ear
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direct view
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perceptual emphasisof the direct pick ip of info from the environment and de emphasizes the role of constructive processes in producing a precept.
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early selection theory
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theory positing a sensory processing filter for incoming messages; limitations in attention occur immediately after sensory processing
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embodied perception
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view of perception that emphasizes dynamic interaction with the everyday environment
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figure-ground
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tendency to segregate visual scenes into a background and an image that superimposes it
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flicker paradigm
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procedure used to study change detection in which two slightly different versions of a scene alternate with one another rapidly
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global precedence
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tendency to encode overall features of a scene before scene details.
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good continuation
circles, rectangles |
tendency to percieve lines as flowing, naturally in a single direction
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grouping
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process by which we organize incoming sensations
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illusion of conscious will
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often-erroneous belief that our efforts and actions are controlled through consciousness force of thought.
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inattentional blindness
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failure to notice obvious changes or events in our visual environment
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lateralization
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degree to which particular cognitive processes are localized in the brain
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late-selection theory
-selection <->response |
theory of attention positing that selection occurs after all incoming stimuli have been identified; limitations in attention are at the stage of response.
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mcgurk effect
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speech perception effect in which visual info conflicts with auditory signals, changing perceived speech sound
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object-based attention
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focusing on objects of particular importance or salience
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objective threshold
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level of stim energy below which participants report not seeing a stimulus; forced-choice procedures also indicate a lack of awareness
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percept
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Coherent rep of an object or even that results from the process of s & p.
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perceptual set
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tendency to visually analyze scenes in a particular way
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phenomenal consciousness
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subjective awareness of what we are doing
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priming
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change in reaction time produced by prior presentation of a stimulus
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principles of visual organization
principles, simpliples, sensibles |
followed by perceptual system to organize incoming sensations in a sensible and simple manner
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proximity
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tendency for objects that are near one another to be grouped
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response bias
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subject's willingness to report a stimulus
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schema
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cluster of knowledge about some object/event
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sensitivity/acuity
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ability to detect presence or absense
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SDT SIG DETECTION THEORY
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Approach to psychophysics - perceptual experience as the joint product of sensitivity and response bias
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similarity
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tendency to group similar objects together
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spatial attention
...walking toward center of campus, focused on the bogie tower |
focusing on a particular region in space..
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speech shadowing
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repeating a message word for word
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subjective threshold
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level of stim energy below which subjects report not seeing a stimulus; force-choice procedures indicate some awareness.
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subliminal perception
pissed kevin alking to me when has a gf -->extra pissed bc i was that girls position, influence unconsciously |
purported tendency to be influenced by stimuli presented below level of awareness
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supraliminal
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ABOVE threshold of conscious awareness
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synchrony
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grouping stimuli that occur at the same time
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synesthesia
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experiences in which input from one sensory system produces an experience not only in that modality but in another as well
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top-down (conceptually driven)
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identification of a stimulus with prior knowledge or expectations
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ventriloquist effect
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occurs when a visual cue that is presented simultaneously with an auditory stimulus biasses the localization of that auditory stim toward the local of the visual cue.
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